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• J

AINU OP JAPAN

PRINTED BY
8F0TTI8W00DX AXD CO., XSW-STIlErr 8<jUARS

LONDON

AINU OF JAPAN

THE RELIGION, SUPERSTITIONS, AND GENERAL HISTORY
OF THE HAIRY ABORIGINES OF JAPAN

REV. JOHN BATCHELOR

I'.lf.S. lIldSIOS\ll/ TO THE AISU

WITH BJGUTY ILLVSTRATIOSS

LONDON
THE BEHGIOUS TRACT SOCIETY

Row, BB St PaulV Ciluhliiyard

SD m PlCCJinTT.Ll'

lt(!}2

4v31762

« _

k •

* •
« «

• • ••

, • • • • •

• • • •

PEEFAOE

Tbs major portion of the chapters contained in this
volume were not originally intended for publication, but
were written ae letters to relatives, who naturally take
a great interest in Mission work, especially in Japan.
But, before I had finished the series, it was thought by
my friends that what I was writing for private perusal
might perhaps prove interesting to the public if put
into book form. Hence the appearance of this work.
Moreover, having received many letters inquiring about
the Ainu — some asking questions concerning their
manners and customs, othens about their religion, and
some, again, of their special superstitions — I have the
more readily fallen in with the suggestion.

Some of the chapters contained in this book com-
prise short articles and legends which I have published
elsewhere, but which are not easily obtainable. The
grtf^ft part of the volume, however, is entirely new.
■■|u]r of the illustrations which enrich the volume

S THE AINU OF JAPAN

are from photographs ; but my best thanks are due to
my wife and helper for the great assistance she has
rendered me in the matter of drawing the large number
reproduced from her sketches.

No doubt a very great deal more might be said about
the Ainu, and I feel that only the outside of the subject
has been touched in this book. The subsequent chapters
are merely notes by the way. They have been set down
at odd times, and collected as the writer has had cause
to inquire into things whilst prosecuting his special work
amongst the Ainu. But his object will be attained if it
leads his readers to appreciate the good points of this
strange race ; and, above all, if it leads them to feel
renewed interest in the efforts that are being made to
bring them under the civilising influence and the saving
gi-ace of the Gospel of Jesus Christ.

CONTEHTS

•>1. The Anro Ift^

»4l. Aistr Women M-

^UI. Clothino Aim Obnuientb 46

l^yV. HoT-BDIlillNn AND HoouK'Wabmino IB~

, T\ FuKNiruRE 72

X ^r INAO, OB BEUOIODIJ SlUDOLS 86'

<VII. ETiguETTB 1«1

•'V VIU. EucciTios loir

IX. The Abth and Pi.easuiie« ok Lifk 12a-

""X. Justice asp Mabwaoe I3S-"

XI. DKEB-UDNTIKa AND FlKlllKO Hih

*-^ll. Beab-Hcntino IS*"

'^m. Al.\D Fathebijkd asd Governmest . . I7»

XlV. Fear of Anort Women ant> Treatuent ut tuis

'^ Sice 19t-

t*XV. Death akd Bdbial '. 203-

/ XVI. Ghostb and the Fdtube Life 210-

- XVIl, Amu POUTHBIRM 23»-^

XVIII. IHCIDBNTB AKD WoBI>S ILLCKTBATIVE Ut A[!IU UELiaiuca

Beuefs 254

BSUOTOTIS LlOENUa 21)2

Ckoam or Aura Decrease 2S1>

' XXI. PBEHidonic Tihes in Japan 291—

AiKu Heboeb and Leoekd 313

• XXIII. MisaioKART Work AuoNa the Adic .... .')2S

Index 333

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

* An Atnu Fronliipitce

• Ainu, ob Aborioineb or Japan

A SuBT Sficiuk

OuB Aura Sbbtahtb

Ahotheb Saibt Out:

Back View of Ainu Head of Rim

Ainu Chief's Com (back) , ,

Ainu Man about to Drink

Ainu Woman ani> Child

An Ainu Cbadi.e

Awu Woman's Dress

AtNU Man'h Coat

An Ainu Village

An Ainu Hut

Jafaneee Hut with Ainu Roof
An Aihu FAun-y tajuno a Meal
Plaii of am Aini: Hui
Ainu Spooxk ....

L Moustache lifteb
Ainu Pestle and Mobtab .
Pabtb of a Looh
Ainu Woihn Weavino

Tobacco Pipe-holder and Box

ChI-EHOBOKA-KZF, OB ' THE ShaVED

A Nuba, ob CLUiiBB OP Inao
Nuba and Ssdllb at Eabt Ehd of
Ah Ainu Familt . . , ,
AiKH Hen SALUTnia

THE AINU OF JAPAN

drawing)

Amv Men Salutinu

Ainu Woman Saluting

Salutino a Child ....

Ainu Boat and Bbidoe

The Mukkubi, or Jew*8-habp .

Ukaba . ' .

The Hot-water Ordeal

The Stake Ordeal ....

Ipakke-ni, or Deer Decoy

Ainu decoying Deer {from a Japanese

A Sprino-bow set ....

The Sprino-bow

An Otter-trap ready het
An Otter- trap (in bections)
Rat-trap (in section)

Rat-trap (set)

A Marek, or Salmon-spear

A Spear used to catch Pikk .

A Poisoned Arrow ....

A Beau Cage

The Crown worn at a Beau Feast

Blunt Arrows

Anciknt Wau-club, showing place for the Stone
Ancient W.vu-cluu ^.

A ILVMSCHATKAN CaNOK

A DOG-SLEIOH

A Slkdoe

A Snow-khoe

Hanging by the Hair

Tombstone of an Ainu Man

Tombstone of an Ainu Woman . ^ .

A Widow's Bonnet .'

Exterior of the Hut in which the Child died
Interior of the Hut in which the Child died .

Chief Penri

Descendant of Ainu and Japanese

Flint Knives

Stone-mallet Sword

War-club

Prehistoric Pottery

Inscription at Otarunai

Stone Adzes

Probable shape of Koropok-guru'h Hut

Plan of Kurile Hut

Exterior of Kurile Hut

Ainu Bow and Quiver

PAGE

108

105

106

117

129

188

186

187

144

145

147

149

161

151

152

154

170

172

175

176

180

1(^

184

185

186

187

189

208

211

218

214

216

220

289

296

299

801

808

800

807

311

811

815

THE AINU OF JAPAN

CHAPTER 1

The A inu, of whom these pages treat, are the aborigines
pf JjipfLii . Much has been said and written about the
Japanese of late years, and almost every house of im-
portance in England and America has something in the
way of art of either old or young Japan in it. But the
Ainu were in Japan ages before the present race of
Japanese obtained their foothold in those islands,
though very little indeed has so far been discovered _
about this peculiar race.

/ The oldest book of which the Japanese can boast
was written a.d. 712, and in it the following sentence
occurs ; ' When our august ancestors descended from
heaven in a boat, they found upon this island several
barbarous races, the most fierce of whom were the
Ainu.' This, translated into modern matter-of-fact

14 THE AINU OF JAPAN

f
language, simply means that, Vrhen the present race of

Japanese first came to Japan in their ships^ they found

the country akeady inhabited. \

This ancient race has been gradually driven from
the south of this ' Land of the Rising Sun ' towards
the north, till, at the present day, there are but sixte en
i or seventeen thousand of them left. This subject will
be more fully discussed in Chapters XX., XXI., and those
who take an interest in general ethnology are referred
to those chapters.

The present home of the Ainu is Yezo and the
Kurile Islands, belonging to the Japanese Empire, and
Saghalien, which is now a part of Russia. Only the y
Yezo Ainu, the subjects of his Imperial Majesty the Em-
peror of Japan, are spoken of in this book. Yezo, now
oflftcially called Hokkaido, is an island of North Japan,
extending from longitude 139° 50' to longitude 146° east,
and fronf latitude 41° 30' to latitude 45° 30' north, its
area being 35,739 square miles.

The population consists of about 17,000 Ainu and
350,000 Japanese, who have immigrated to this island.
The wuaters are very severe in Yezo, and there is often a
heavy snowfall ; while the summers are singularly hot,
though short. The island, which is very mountainous,
abounds in volcanoes; and earthquakes are frequent,
though not often sharp. The country is well wooded
with oak, limes, chestnuts, birch, magnoha, and pine,
and water is very plentiful. The mineral wealth con-

THE AINU

sistB cbiefly of coal, sulphur and copper ore. The
principal animala are bears, deer, wolves, otters, and
hares; and the principal fish, upon which the Ainu

in great measure subsist, are trout, salmon, herrings,
codfish, swordfish, and, when obtainable, whale and
walrus.

i6 THE AINU OF JAPAN

Objection may bo taken to our spelling the name of
tliese people Ainu, while others who have written of
this race have called them Aino and Ainos. Aino is a^
Japanese nickname ; and it is always applied by them
to the Ainu when they speak of them. It is a term
they anciently used to express their contempt for them,
and has by degrees come into common use. The word
^ Aino means 'mongrel' or * half-breed/ and has refer-
ence to a degrading Japanese tradition, which describes
the descent of the Ainu from a human being and a
dog. Therefore, when any person uses the word Axno^
he really means, whether knowingly or not, * mongrel '
or * half brute beast, half human being.' Such a term
should be studiously avoided. English writers, of course,
are not to be in any way blamed for using the form
Aino, since it unavoidably came to them at second-hand
through the Japanese, and not directly from the people
themselves.

But the name this race of people themselves use is
Ainu, which means *-man ' or *men.' Tlie sound is
very similar, but the difference of meaning between the
two words is emphatic and vital. It would be well,
therefore, if henceforth all writers would discard the
Japanese nickname, which is foreign, and use only that
native word by which these people designate them-
selves.

By this tradition of their origin the lower class of
Japanese have, in their ignorance, endeavoyred to

THE AINU 17

accoant for the hairineea of the Ainu. That they are
hairy is a matter of fact, which ia noticed by all writers ;
yet there are very many individual members of the race

who are not a bit more hairy than ordinary Europeans,
This hairiness has been greatly exaggerated, We
should naturally expect that conepicuoiis speeimenK of

'<?

i8 THE AINU OF JAPAN

hairy men would be found among them ; but that is no
reason for the conclusion that all are so thickly covered
with hair as some would have us believe. The accom-
panying engraving is a good illustration of an extreme
form of hairiness.

The body of the man depicted is completely covered,
but not so thickly that the skin cannot be seen ; and
there are not many so hairy as he appears to be. I
know of but one other man who rivals him in this
respect, though I could point to five or six nearly as well
covered,
js^ ^-^"Tlie^ Ainu people are not a handsome nation, though,
• j as individuals, the race is strong, thick-set, squarely-
V built and full-chested. The chief thing that strikes
one on meeting an Ainu for the first time is his
fine beard, moppy hair, and sparkhng eyes ; next, his
dirty appearance, poor clothing, and, should he be near
at hand, his odour. The Ainu certainly do not,
upon first acquaintance, produce a very favourable im-
pression ; in fact, to many people they quickly become
repulsive, especially on account of their filth.

Perhaps this is the reason why so much that is
not quite true and that is not very creditable has been
written about them. A person who intends to visit the
Ainu must be prepared to shut his eyes to a very great
deal, and he must not turn up his nose ai a little dirt.
Foreigners, as a rule, have not much cared to mix with
such a filthy and degraded-looking race, and have hence

THE AINU 19

not taken the trouble to seek and find out what hes
beneath the roogh and very rugged surface. Nothing is
truer than ' all that glitters is not gold ' ; but it should
also be remembered that some things which do not glitter
are as good as gold, and that a diamond needs cutting
and polishing before its beauty can be fully seen. When
the Ainu are dressed in their best garments, and have
been washed and trimmed, the; are really a fine-looking
people. The heart must not always be judged by the
general outward appearance.

After more than eight years' experience amongst
this people, and after having lived with them in theii
own huts and mixed with them both in their daily tasks
and amusements — after having listened to their troubles,
been by their side in sickneBs and in health, seen them
at their religious exercises, and been present when the
hand of death has been upon them — the present writer
ia prepared to affirm that a more kind, gentle, and sym-
pathetic people would be very difficult to find. The
Ainu only need sympathy and kind treatment to bring
out their real character.

But they do look dirty, , and -ihey gaierally wear a
depressed loo k. But the Ainu nature is as truly human
as that of any other race. See him in a bear hunt, or
meet him directly after he has killed a bear, and hear
him describe the scene ; or ask his help when yon are
in trouble, and you will have the opportunity of seeing
both his bravery and his kindness. It is a great mistake

20 THE AIXU OF JAPAN

to say that the Ainu are as degraded ats they look, or as
irreclaimable as thc-y api)ear. They can be the most
faithful and honest servants, as we have often proved
during our fourteen years' experience in Japan. The
Ainu is vcrv much what otiiers make him. Treat him
as a man, and he will show himself to be a man ; but
treat him as a child, and he will act as a child, and at
the same time think how very foolish the one is who
treated him so. Close acquaintance with them adds one
more to the many proofs of the truth of those words of
Scripture : * (iod hath made of one every nation of men
for to dwell on all the face of the earth, having deter-
mined their api)ointed seasons, and tlie bounds of their
habitation.'

The average height of true Ainu men — that is, thdse
who have no Japanese IJood in their veins — is five feet
four inches, and tliat of the women live feet one and a
half or two inches. But the Ainu and Japanese half-
breeds are smaller. The men average five feet two
inches, and the women live fuct. This is a curious
fact, and one wliicli I think lias not before been
noticed.

The men have very line and handsome dark beards,
shaggy eyebrows, spai'kliug dark brown or black deeply-
set eyes, prominent cheek-bones, high foreheads, and
bushv heads of hau*. The skhi is whiter than that of
the Japanese, for they do not possess the bilious-looking
complexion so prevalent in the latter race. The sun

has tanne<l the parts oxjioBecl to his rays, giving them a
brunette complexion. The hair and beards turn grey

24 THE AINU OF JAPAN

somewhat early, thus giving comparatively young men
a venerable and patriarchal appearance.

The hair of both the men and women is cut behind in
the sliape of a quarter moon, the fore part sometimes
being allowed to reach to the shoulders, whilst the nape
of the neck and the fore part of the head are clean
sliaven. There are no barbers, however; so the women
do the shaving — that is to say, each woman looks after
the appearance of her husband. This operation must
have been difficult in very ancient times, and was pro-
bably performed by the aid of shai*p stones. The Ainu
now use Japanese razors.

The illustration shows the general length of hair,
and how it is cut behhid. The women cut their hair
after the same fashion.

On iirst coming into contact with those Ainu who
reside near or upon the Japanese frontier, one cannot
help noticing that before strangers they have an air of
slavishness, slovenliness, and general depression, which
renders them in appearance the reverse of interesting and
pleasing to the eye. They are apt either to excite con-
tempt and disgust, or to arouse one's pity. They very
seldom wash their persons, and less often their clothes.
Moreover, they all carry a somewhat large burden of
minute but robust-looking, well-fed insects about their
person and apparel.

This state of things is only what might be expected ;
for how have the Ainu been treated by the Japanese

during the slow march of the ages? They hare been
conquered and crushed under foot hy mettij^ Each
official and person of the soldier class used, so the Ainu

tell me, to make every Ainu he met go down upon his
hands and knees and polish his head ui>on the hare
ground, or thrust his nose into the very dust Irefore him.
If the downtrodden Ainu did not do this heforc tliese

26 THE AINU OF JAPAN

high and lofty ones, his head was nipped oflF in the
twinkling of an eye. Is it any wonder, then, that the
Ainu still wear a slavish look ? They never received
any encouragement to look up, and if they did ever
C? dare to exert themselves for their fatherland and their
wives and children, it was only to receive a more
crashing blow and deeper wound. But, thanks to the
growth which the cause of humanity is making in all
parts of the world, very much of this kind of oppression
has for ever passed away. Would that an earnest,
whole-hearted reparation could be made to them !

The Ainu people are most malodorous at times ; but
it should be borne in mind that the men and women
sometimes walk ten or fifteen miles a day in a broiling
sun with a heavy load of unsalted, sun-dried fish upon
their backs. Such fish have by no means a pleasant
smell, and, when once the odour gets well into their
clothes, it most tenaciously remains there, and only
requires a little perspiring dampness to bring it out in its
strength. Not only so, but it is sometimes quite pain-
ful to sit in a hut with an Ainu who has lately been
eating some kinds of dried fish, particularlj' the skate. It
makes the breath peculiarly strong and noxious.

There appear to be only two occasions when •the
Ainu condescend to wash themselves, and then only
their faces and hands are cleansed, and that but
partially. These are bear feasts and funerals. Of
course there are individuals who wash more often, or

THE AINU 37

even Bometimes take a bath. But, on these occasions
above mentioned, the Ainu, both men and women, cut
their hair, shave their necks, wash their hands and

AINU CHIBP'3 COAT (BACK)

faces, and put on their best or embroidered clothes and
their ornaments. At such times the people are greatly
improved in appearance, and are not at all a bad-
looking race. Even their children are generally left

28 THE AINU OF JAPAN

unwashed and uncared for, covered with mcrustations of
dirt.

Ainu men love inaction, as far as work in the gardens
is concerned. But there is nothing an Ainu loves so
much as hunting, excepting, perhaps, getting intoxicated.
They have a wild nature, which breaks out every now
and then. Servants have to be allowed to go ofif to the
mountains for a day, to have a good run in the fresh
air ; or sometimes a horseback ride, or a day's fishing.
No Ainu man will do any manner of work that can be
done by his wife, who is too frequently his willing slave ;
for woman is a creature predestined to minister to
man's wants, and to do everything that can be done in
the shape of manual labour.

Thus, whilst the women are hard at work in their
gardens, the men, if not fishing, or hunting, or drinking,
or sleeping, or gossiping, or riding horses, may possibly
be found helping their wives in the gardens, either with
their hands or with their advice. However, they love
horses ; hence it is that so many of them are employed
as horse-drivers by the Japanese. They are very good
horsemen indeed. They ride off to the mountains, and
will quickly find and drive a large drove of horses into
any track they wish ; down the paths they will gallop
after them, and most skilfully head them and bring
them home. These are the droves of wild horses Miss
Bird speaks of in her book — every one of them,
excepting the colts, of course, \yroken in !

THE AINU 39

Miss Bird has written, in her popular and widely-read
book, ' Unbeaten Tracks in Japan/ to the effect that ' it is
nonsense to write of the reUgioua ideas of a people who
have none, and of beliefs among a people who are merely
adult children. The traveller who formulates an Aino
creed must evolve it from his inner consciousness. I
have taken infinite trouble to learn from themselves
what their religious notions are, and Shinondi tells me
that they have told him all they know, and the whole
sum of them is a few vague fears and hopes, and a
suspicion that there are things outside themselves more
powerful than themselves, whose influences may be
obtained, or whose evil influences may be averted, by
libations oi sake.'

Sake, it should be noted^i^ not an Ainu word, but
the nam e nf nn intoiicating spirit the Japanese make
frnm fi^i-t»p»(pfl iLic. I once tasted it, and then its
flavour reminded me of very bad sherry. The Ainu
ttaU-it-9W("«7o~"''ofliciaI milk.' They probably named it
thus in fun, and it would be just like the Ainu if they did.
In ancient times the Japanese used to trade with the '
Ainu by barter. They never allowed the Ainu to have
money ; but when they purchased skins, fish, deer's
horns, and other commodities from them, the Japanese
used to pay in household utensils, clothing, and aaki',
or rice-wine. If the Ainu did any work for the Japanese
officials, they were usually paid for their labour in sake.
Hence, I think it quite possible that the name 'ofiBcial

30 THE AINV OF JAPAN

milk' was given to this drink because they were ex-
pected to tbrire npon it, as thoagb it were milk or food.
The c\'il effects this practice hae had apon the
Ainu may easily be imagined. It bas made them a.

nation of drunkards. In fact, strong drink has become
such a power among them that by many it is supposed
to be absolutely necessary for the acceptable worship of

THE AINU 31

the various deities. So that Mies Bird is right when
she says that the Ainu think the ' powers outside them-
selves, more powerful than themselves,' will exert their
good influences upon, or turn their evil influences away
from them if they offer libations of »ake. It will also
be easily seen that the Ainu < lo not, \cy(^ npnn drnnkfin-/
ness a s yicked, or a Uiing to be detested. Fully ninety-
five per cent, get drunk whenever they can obtain
enough sake, and to be drunk is their ideal of supreme
happiness. ■"

Nevertheless, the power of the Gospel is beginning
to be felt by those Ainu with wliom we have been most
ID contact. The leaven is gradually working in their
hearts for good. The way the people look upon
drunkenness is steadily undergoing a change, and their
views of what true happiness really is are becoming
higher and purer. I have known Ainu women rush into
their huts to hide their drunken husbands, when they
have seen us about to look in upon them. Children, -"
too, when they have been sent to the Japanese wine-
vendors to purchase drink, look remarkably guilty when
they meet us, and endeavour to hide their bottles behind
them. They feel guilty and ashamed. They have
learned that drunkenness is a vice, and this is the first
step towards amendment of life. They are beginning
to know, also, that the use of strong drink is not
absolutely necessary to the acceptable performance of
religious s

32 THE AINU OF JAPAN

There was a time, too, when I could have almost
unreservedly endorsed what Miss Bird has stated in the
passage just quoted concerning Ainu religious ideas.
That, however, was before it had been my lot and
privilege to dwell among these people. But after long
residence in Ainu huts, and after continuous experience
of their everyday life, dwelling with them and visiting
them in times of sickness and of health, and after
much personal intercourse with them, and a [>atient
comparison of their early traditions with one another,
and with their present words and actions, I entirely
disagree with Miss Bird's views upon the religious
notions of this peculiar and little understood people.

Everyone will agree that it would be * nonsense to
write of the religious ideas of a people who have none,
and of beliefs among a people who are merely adult
children ' ; but Miss Bird is clearly in the wrong when
she implies that the Ainu are without religion, though
they may be * merely adult children/ As a matter of
fact, these people are exceedingly religious, notwith-
standing all that has been said to the contrary. And,
however true it may be that a mere * traveller who
formulates an Aino' creed must evolve it from his inner
consciousness,' yet, as one who has spent more years
with them than Miss Bird did weeks, I shall venture, in
a later chapter, to give an Ainu creed. This creed will
be evolved from their daily life and words, and from their
highly-prized, carefully transmitted traditions.

THE AINU 33

It mast Dot be thoaght that I intend to msintain
that the Ainu have formnlated the varioas articlea of
their &ith, and hold them at hand ready for use, like
people of a higher faith and more cultivated mind.
Nor do I mean that an Ainu can, when asked, im-
mediately repeat oS-hand what he beUeves, as though
he had learned it by rote. Creeds carefully drawn up
according to theological order, logical sequence, and well- ^
ordered thought do not belong to such a primitive, im-
trained, and uncontroversial race as the Ainu. Their
faith is ragged, unpolished, and the various items that
compose it are often disconnected and incoherent. It
comes to light as the circumstances and events of daily
life suggest or occabion it.

It is no matter for surprise, therefore, that Miss
Bird's Ainu — Shinondi — could not give her any full ac-
count of his religious faith when invited to do so. More-
over, if there is anything an Ainu is likely to be reticent
about when talking with a stranger who is ignorant
of bis language, it is his religious behefs and observances.

34 THE AINU OF JAPAN

CHAPTER II

AINU WOMEN

Ainu women appear at first sight astonishingly ugly,
dirty, and thoroughly spiritless. Pitiably miserable and
unattractive do they look. They have dark, sooty-
coloured tattoo marks upon the ui)per and lower lips,
and sometimes a line of the same disfiguring ornamen-
tation across the foreheads. Various patterns are en-
grained upon the backs of their grimy hands. Their
feet are unshod ; then* hair, matted and unkempt, reaches
down to the shoulders in front, and is cut in a kind
of crescent shape behind. In addition to all this,
their garments are slovenly, untidy, and their coun-
tenances sullen and dejected.

It is not, perhaps, surprising that some of those who
come into contact with these people, and after a very
slight acquaintance with them, should go away disgusted,
and with the opinion that it would be no great loss to
humanity if the Ainu were to become extinct. But
such is not the writer's view.

It is true indeed that, intellectually speaking, a
nobler race, the Japanese, is dispossessing the Ainu, and

AINU WOMEN 3S

that bis diaappearance or absorptioQ is possibly being
rendered necessary by the wonderful events which have
taken place in Japan of late years ; but, for all that,
the Ainu is worthy not only of pity, but of practical
sympathy and help.

It would, however, be a calumny to aesert; that all the
hard-working Ainu women are ugly. Some of them,
especially the younger ones, are quite good-looking.
Their features are a little round, perhaps, and the cheek-
bone somewhat high ; but their complexion is of a
pleasant, rosy kind. They are shy, and before a
stranger, particularly if the stranger is of the male sex,
they fix their eyes upon the ground, and place the hand
over their lips, as a sign of reverence and respect.
Before women, however, they are not so shy, but will
look up and talk. It is then that their beauty may be
seen. Their smile is pleasing and their eyes dark and
sparkling ; their voices are soft and musical, and their
figures well formed. It is the tattooing that makes the
elder women so unpleasant to the eye. Owing to this
the women in middle life look inelegant, and in old
age are jKisitively ugly. The discontinuance of tattooing
and the £ree use of soap and combs would soon work
marked improvement in their looks — that is, according
to Western ideas. They themselves, of course, beHeve
that by tattooing their mouths, foreheads, and hands,
they enhance their beauty.

We once took quite a young Amu girl into our service.

36 THE AINU OF JAPAN

tliat &he might be the better able to learn hoiue-work.
When shu came to the age of twelve years, there was

not a vi-utige of tattoo upon her face, and my wife waa
particularly careful to rocjuest that she should not be

AINU WOMEN 37

tattooed. After having lived with ns for aboat two
years, we left that village for a trip elsewhere, leaving
the giti and her aant in charge of our goods and chat-
tels. We were away two months, and when we returned,
behold, oar little servant bad had her face partially
disfigured with tattoo. Upon asking her why she had
done BO, she replied : ' All the other girls are tattooed,
and I felt lonely, not being as they.' ^'I'be real cause
was the force of habit uponlier parents, particularly her
motEer. The old people always say, with reference to
this, ' Oar ancestors were thus tattooed, so therefore
mnst_we be.' - - -

\ The tattoo of which the Ainu women arc so fond is
bloish'black in colour. Some of this colouring is put
round the mouth, one stripe drawn across the forehead,
varioas patterns placed upon the backs of the hands
and upon the arms, and, in some cases, rings are stained
into the base of the fingers. The process of tattooing is
very primitive and simple. It is somewhat painful, and
hence only a little is done at a time. It takes several
years to properly decorate a person. The process is as
follows. Some ash bark is first procured and put into
a pan to soak ; then a fire is made, and an iron pot or
kettle hung over it. Next, a Uttle birch bark is brought
and burnt under' the pot till the under part is well
blackened. Birch bark is a wonderful thing for pro-
ducing soot and blackness : hence its use for tattooing
purposes. So soon as the bottom of the pot is thoroughly

38 THE AINU OF JAPAN

blacky a woman takes a knife, cuts a few dashes into the
part to be tattooed, then takes some of the soot npon
her finger and rubs it well in ; she then takes a piece
of cloth, and, dipping it into the ash-bark liqnor, well
washes the tattooed parts. When children are o|^erated
upon, the centre of the upper lip receives the first
touches, then the lower lip, and so on alternately until
the marks reach almost from ear to ear. The forehead,
hands, and arms appear to be done after marriage,
though there seems to be no special rule about it,

^inn women, are treated aiS inferior liftinflB hy caost

^of^tli^ men. Their whole life is a slavish drudgery.

yhfi y ^^^ rpp rarde d almost^ -Aa-^YBS. From morning

till night, and from one year's end to the other, it is

work, work, work ; and th^ir-work is manual l aboaf of

the heaviest aim most tiring kind. This would not,
perhaps, be quite so bad if men shared their labours ; but
that is altogether out of the question. There is very
Uttle variety in their toil excepting that which is
necessarily brought about by the seasons. They have
next to no recreations or special amusements to brighten
up their dull lives a little. Now and then a m^jaiaga.^
occurs, and at very long intervals a bear feast comes- to
give them a little pleasure.

In the spring time the women, both old and young,
crawl out of their sleeping places in the small hours of
the morning, eat a hasty meal of cold vegetable stew,
with perhaps a morsel of uncooked dried fish by way of

AINU WOMEN 39

relish, shoulder their tools, and proceed to the patches
of land thej call then: gardens, to dig up the soil and
Bov the seeds, returning to their huts at sunset only to
take another meal like that of the morning, and again
lie down to sleep. They often take but two meals a day
— one in the early morning, and the other at night ; but
then they make up for tlie midday meal by eating in
the evening perhaps twice or thrice as much as an
ordinary person. Sometimes they eat a good meal, rest
for about half an hour, then take another, and retire to
bed in quite a happy frame of mind. It is on such
occasions that one sometimes liears the expression — Ihe
aeramughinne — ' I am in a state of knowing that I have
eaten.'

Some women appear able to go without food for a
very long time, and can carry heavy loads upon their
backs all day without touching a particle of food. In
the early spring the women and girls go to the moun-
tains to get the fibre from elm-trees, with which they
make a kind of cloth called attmh. ' ^

During the summer months they have not quite 80 r.
much to do in their gardens ; they therefore work a "
good deal at weaving cloth, making and mending .
clothes, tvisting string and coarse thread, and cutting ' ,|
wood. But as soon as the autumn comes round and the i
crops of barley and millet have to be reaped and '
harvested, the beans and peas gathered, and the pota-
toes dug up and stored, all are astir.

40 THE AINU OF JAPAN

The Ainu mode of reaping is a long process, for it
consists of walking through the gardens and pinching
off the millet and barley heads with sharp shells. The
straw is left standing ; the Ainu have no use for that.
Then, a little later on, just before the snow begins to
fall, the women and children go away into the forests to
pick up chestnuts, which are used as an article of food
among them. About the same time they dig up the
roots of the dog-tooth violet. These they wash, boil,
and mash up into a pulp, then make into cakes and dry
in the sun for winter food.

The Ainu gardens consist merely of small patches of
land, generally upon the banks of rivers or in a valley.
They cultivate one piece of land for two or three years
running, then let that go to waste and take a fresh plot.
This is quite necessary, for they use no manure. The
Ainu understand nothing about agriculture ; they have
no idea as to bow to cultivate the land. So long as a
/ woman can procure sufficient food for her family to last
through the winter, that is all she cares about. When-
ever the gardens fail, the Ainu live by hunting in the
mountains, by what they can catch in the sea, or by
such things as grow naturally.

A few generations ago there was a very great famine
in Yezo, so that thousands upon thousands of animals —
deer, bears, foxes, wolves, and rats — died. The Ainu
would not have minded the famine so much but for this.
The death of the animals was far worse than the failure

AINU WOMEN 41

of the crops ; for the staple food was flesh. A great
number of the Ainu died, starved to death. The
people who lived towards the south of Yezo saved
themselvefl by fleeing to Mororan, in Volcano Bay, where
they were kept alive by eating shell-fish — the Htiliotit
tubercidata, or 'sea-ear,' These fish are very plentiful
about Ghiripet and Mororan. I believe the story of
this ancient famine is quite true ; for near the sea-
shore, about two miles from Mororan, there are some
very large lumps of sea-ear shells to be seen, covered
with nearly a foot of black earth.

In the winter time, particularly during the latter
part of November and the early part of December, the
womeii assist the men to net or spear the large salmon
which are found in the rivers about this time. After \
this the main stock of wood for winter firing has to be
cut, split, dragged or carried home, and stored away.
Then millet must be pounded, the beans and peas
shelled, and a thousand and one other little things
attended to. Thus is the woman the slave of the man. ^

It might he thought that, if an Ainu woman's lot is
hard and laborious out of doors, she must surely lead
an easier life at home, and there find rest and a little
comfort. Bat even here she has a great deal to do,
with little rest and next to no comfort. The cooking
must be attended to. But this is not a very formidable
task, as cooking has not yet attained to any very high
perfection. In no sense are the Ainu epicures. The

42 THE AINU OF JAPAN

women also must attend to the cleaning, smoking, and
drying of fish ; must keep the fire going and the water-
butt full; must look after the children, and pay due
attention to their husbands' wants, and see to the
mending and making of clothes. There is, to be sure,
very little scullery work to be done — not, indeed, because
the utensils are in every case scarce, but because the
Ainu do not see why an eating cup, shell, or platter
need be washed at all excepting upon very rare oc-
casions. * After all,' they argue, *it is only food that
goes into our utensils ; why need they, then, be washed ?
They will be used and dirtied again directly; therefore let
them remain dirty.' Hence there is very little ' wash-
ing-up' in an Ainu hut. Nevertheless, there are a few
exceptions to this, as well as to every other rule.

Nor do the Ainu women have any religious solace in
all their cares. The men seem to think that they are
not capable of learning anything about God, or are such
inferior beings that the gods take no thought or care
about them. Ainu widows are particularly unfortunate,
and have a specially hard time, for their presence is
barely tolerated. By no means may they be present
where prayer is going on.

The existence of Ainu women being one of such
trial, sorrow, and hard work, it is not to be wondered at
that many of them have a downtrodden, hopeless look.
They have no special joys in the present, and no bright
hopes for the future. Their whole time and thought

AINU WOMEN 43

are given to the necesBary tasks of everyday life. A .
woman may do all ehe can, and yet receive neither ,
thanks nor enconragement firom her hasbond. Mo
wonder that some of them, overcome by the troubles
and worries of everyday existence, think life a burden
and sorrow, and give way to despair. Some, thus tired
of hving, die by their own hand. They hang themselves, ^
this being the favourite way of committing suicide.

Ainu women are very fond of their children. But
the poor little mites, when about a month old, are often
left quite alone in a hut, suspended from the roof in
their cradles. Nevertheless, this is not from want of
feeling, for the Ainu women do love their children ; but
to let a child he in its cradle and cry is not only /
thought to be good for its lungs, but is a part of
_jts-«dttcation. 'Babies,' say they, 'are like talkative
men and women ; they must have their say.' So the
best way to keep a child quiet is to let it cry as much as
it will. It soon learns to grow tired of howling. Such,
at any rate, is the Ainu feminine belief.

An Ainu cradle is made of wood, and is generally
suspended from a beam in tlie hut in such a manner as
to hang in a warm place by the fireside. It is about
two feet and a half or three feet in lenglh, and twenty
inches or so wide.

For a married couple to have no children is sup-
posed to be a great disgrace, and is by them traced -
to the belief that one or other of the parties has

THE AINU OF JAPAN

committed some sin. This world is named Uaremoshiri
— * the multiplying world ' — and people were placed in it
to increase and multiply. If, therefore, no children are
forthcoming, it is considered to be a special punishment
from the gods. Having no offspring used to be con-
sidered an amply sufficient reason for divorcing a wife.
The author knows an Ainu who has divorced no less
than three wives because they bore him no children.

AN AINU CRADLE

A curious custom used to exist amongst this people.
As soon as a child was born, the father had to consider
himself very ill, and had, therefore, to stay at home
wrapped up by the fire. But the wife, poor creature !
had to stir about as much and as quickly as possible.
The idea seems to have been that life was passing from
the father into his child.

CHAPTER in

CLOTHING AND ORNAMENTS

/The chief article of dress worn by the Ainu is a long
^arjuent, which they call attush. This word really
means simply ' elm fibre ' or ' elm thread.' And, as
these words indicate, th^'dreescs are made from the
inner bark of elm-trees. Such garments' are very
brittle when dry, but when wet they are exceedingly
strong. The elm bark is peeled off the trees in the
early spring, just when the sap commences to Sow up-
ward to the young shoots and newly-forming buds.
When sufficient hark_ has been taken, it is carried home
and gut into water to soak and get soft ; and when
sufficiently soaked it is taken out of the water, and the
layers of bark separated, and the fibres divided into
threads and wound up into balls for use. Sewing
thread is made in the same way, only that is chewed
until it becomes round and solid. When all the threads
have been prepared, the women sit down and proceed
with then: weaving. These garments are very rough
iat^gd .and are of a dirty browncolour. Thg|»^iiiHt-
who can afford it prefer to wear Japanese clotUng.

46 THE AINU OF JAPAN

The women tnke pride in fane; needlework, and are
very tasteful in their arrangement of both pattern and
colour. This embroidery, or fancy needlework, is done

with Japanese stuffs and coloured threads and cottona
upon a groundwork of their own elm-bark cloth. One
of these dresaee, in the writer's possession, took up all
the spare time of a woman during a whole year to make.

CLOTHING AND ORNAMENTS

The work of different viU&ges presents different patterne ;
those of one are not necess&rily the ^ame aB those of
another. In fact, when an Ainu of one district goes

into another clothed in an embroidered diesa, tiie i)eople
he meets can with almost certainty tell where he comes /
from by the patterns of his coat !

There are patterns suitable for men, and others for ^

48 THE AINU OF JAPAN

women. No man would think of wearing a coat with
patterns on it which are recognised as belonging to
women ; nor would a woman pot on a coat that had
patterns appropriated by the men. The women's gar-
ments are not so highly decorated as tii6gfe''orthe men.
The wives take a pride in dressing up tlieir husbands,
especially on the occasion of a bear feast ; but they
themselves prefer a good show of beads, earrings, finger
rings, necklaces, and bracelets, set off with a tastefully
tattooed mouth.

The men take great pride in their wives' needlework,
and they are exceedingly particular about having the
corners of their ornamental patterns properly turned.
If a curve is not quite so well turned as a man thinks
it should be, or a line not quite straight, he will storm
away finely, and sometimes make his wife impick her
work and do it all over again.

For winter wear, the women sew dog, bear, deer,
wolf, or fox skins upon the back of their atixi^h or elm-
fibre garments, and wear skin shoes. These shoes are
made of deer and salmon skins. Formerly they used
also to wear skin trousers ; but as skins are now somewhat
scarce, these articles of dress are dispensed with. The
women, both in summer and winter, wear leggings made
of grass or rushes, and both men and women sleep with
their heads wrapped up in a cloth or head-dress.

The treasures and ornaments of well-to-do Ainu
consist, not in such things as gold, silver, or pr^ious

CLOTHING AND ORNAMENTS ' 49

stones, bat in Japanese lacqaer-ware ressels and old
swords. The former are called tkintoko — that is, ' things
of beauty ' — and the latter (on (Je — that is, ' shining things. '
The shintoko used to be paid to the people, well filled
with wine, in return for the skins of animals and fish,
and were sometimes bestowed upon the chiefs as a mark
of distinction. They are nearly all of Japanese manu-
facture; but some come from Corea. The tomhe are
ancient swords — old heirlooms, which, however, are how
bladeless, for the Ainu were not allowed by the ancient
Japanese to have any blades in their swords. These
bladeless swords are usually stowed away in long boxes,
and placed upon the beams of the huts. They also set a
higli value upon old bows and arrows and tobacco boxes.
AinujauoenjuM-wery-childlike in their fondness for
t gy-like cirnam.eiitv-anil . some of the wary Japanese
pedlars have taken advantage of this weakness andmade •
large profi ts ou tof it. For instance, earrinrjs made of
white metal, but called silver, and worth about six[>ence
in Hakodate, are sold to the Ainu women for six
shillings ; and rings which sell at a shilling in Hakodate
sold in Piratori for twelve shillings. If thofie who buy
have not the money required for the purchase, the
pedlars do not mind, though they haggle a great deal
about it. Finally, at the earnest request of the buyer,
they condescend to take skins or iish in payment. In
this way two or three fox skins or a deer skin go for a
pair of metal earrings !

50 THE AINU OF JAPAN

Besides oarringB, the vromen are extremely fond of
^lass l>eads. Sonic of these beads are of Japanese make,
others have come from China. The Ainu believe that
the ancients got them from the Itushikai — that is^
Russians and Manehiirians. Beads \vhich cost a penny
or two in Hakodate are sold to the Ainu for three
shillings.

Finger rings— some made of brass and called gold,
others made of white metal and called silver — are also
eagerly ac(|uired ; and many a i)edlar has made a good
harvest out of such gimcrack trumi)ery. The necklaces
of the Ainu women and children are generally home*-'
made. These consist of a collar of leather or Japanese
cloth, ui>on which melted white metal is fixed in shape
something like a llower. They are sometimes made of
lead. The women of Saghalien wear belts of the same
shape, but ornamented with Chinese cash instead of
lead. Ainu women are also very fond of fastenhig their
clothes together by means of any shells which strike
their fancy as being pretty ; but if they can get hold of
an old sword-guard, they place it in the fire to make
it look like bronze, and their happiness is complete.

The Ainu, both men and women, wear eaiTings,
although those the men wear are nothing more than
pieces of red material. This fact reminds me of a
circumstance of a somewhat peculiar nature wliich
happened a few years ago. I had, one evening, been
speaking to the Ainu about the brotherhood of man.

^■'

CLOTHING AND ORNAMENTS 53

whatever the country, race, colour, language, or civilisa-
tion might be. The address was well received, and
appeared to have made some impression on the listeners,
and I was, upon finishing my address, politely invited
to have my ears bored, that my brotherhood with the
Ainu race might thereby be sealed! Much of what
good feeling may have been stirred up by my address
was reduced, I fear, to a nullity because I refused to
have my ears bored and a piece of red cloth stuck
through ! Of course, it would have made matters far
worse had I attempted to explain to them that I desired
to raise them up to the Christian level and Christian
ideas in these things ; for they might possibly have
thought I was looking down upon them on account of
this custom of ear-boring, and it always behoves us in
such cases to be careful about causing any unnecessary
oflFence.

THE AINU OF JAPAN

CHAPTER IV

lirT-Dt'ILI>lKO AND HOl'BE-WABllIKO

Ainu lint!) art- most uncoiufurtalile i>laces, for amongst
tliis race hoiiBtliold comfort i« ijuite a secondary con-

sidcralion. If tliey tan socuie Ijivre (.'sisteiico and
animal eutitcnance, tlicy are content. Aiuu vUlflgos, seen
from a distance, appear ijuite iiictureaque, situated, as

HUT-BUILDING AND HOUSE-WARMING 57

they generally are, along the banks of rivers. And the
individual huts in some districts are neat and pretty-
looking buildings, for some of the men and women take
quite a pride in thatching their homes. But all the
picturesqueness and the beauty disappear upon a closer
inspection. After a few weeks or months — some people
think a few days fully suflScient — spent in one of them,
a Japanese hotel seems a very paradise for comfort.

In building their huts the Ainu commence at the
roof. This consists of bare rafters tied to horizontal
poles at the lower end, and a long ridge-pole at the
upper, and across these again are laid smaller poles, to
which the thatch is fixed. The inner layers of bark,
especially of elm-trees, and pieces of creeping plants,
are used as rope or strings for tying the separate poles
together. As soon as the roof is finished, poles about
five or six feet long are driven into the earth at a dis-
tance of four or five feet apart, and across these smaller
pieces of wood are lashed, to which the thatch is tied,
and thus the walls of a hut are formed. These poles
have each a fork or branch in the top. When they are
all set up in their proper places, the roof is Hfted bodily
up, and the bottom horizontal poles allowed to rest in
the forks at the top of the uprights. /

The thatching is then proceeded withv^-^TUis takes
several days to finish, for the huts are almost entirely
thatched with reeds, from the ridge-pole of the roof to
the bottom of the uprights, which are stuck into the

■X

$8 THE AINU OF JAPAN

earth. Both men and women work at house-building,
and the sprmg and autumn are the proper seasons for
^ this ooaupation.

£v«ry hut is furnished with two holes, made just
beneath the eaves, which serve as windows — one in the
east end, and the other on the south side. Screens
made of rushes or reeds are placed on the outside of
these, and in some cases wooden shutters also. These
are all so fixed as to admit of being drawn up or let
down from the inside at will, according as circimistances
may requii-e or the occupants desire ; for the strings or
cords to which the screens and shutters are attached
pass upwards under the eaves, and over the horizontal
roof-pole into the hut.

It is not considered polite to look into a hut through
the south window, and it is a positive insult, both to
gods and men, to look in at an east window; for a
peculiar sacredness is attached to that part of the hut,
and the people are very superstitious concerning it.
Men often worship towards the east or sun-rising
through the east window, and they are very careful not
to desecrate it by expectorating or throwing anything
out of it. The south wuulow is often used for both of
these purposes.

There are no chimneys in the huts, but a hole is
purposely left in the west-end angle of the roof for the
escape of the smoke. This, together with the two win-
dows, is considered fully sufficient for all practical pur-

HUT-BUILDING AND HOUSE-WARMING 59

poses ; but the smoke is sometimes very trying to the
eyes and throat.

At the west end of a hut is a door which leads
directly into a porch or ante-chamber, which the Ainu
call a shem. In the south wall of this is another door,
which leads into the open air. This porch is used for
various purposes, such as storing firewood, poundipg
millet, and shelling peas and bean8i,^^3Hl©^ogs also lire
allowed to inhabit this part of a house.

A few of the larger huts are furnished with a door-
way in the south wall of the main or dwelling part of
the building. This doorway is situated near the east-
end corner of the hut, and is fitted with a sliding door
somewhat resembling a Japanese amado. The outer
door of the porch is fitted with a hanging mat only, but
the inner porch doorway has both a mat and sliding door.
The wooden doors are closed only when the household
is away from home or gone to bed.

Outside, and a short distance from the west end of
the hut; is placed the family godown or storehouse. This
erection consists of a Uttle lodge placed upon piles.
The reason why these buildings are placed upon piles is
to keep the rats and mice from making raids upon the
stores. Upon the top of each pile, and between it and
the floor of the godown, the Ainu generally place a
square piece of wood, which makes it next to impossible
for a rat to enter by cUmbing up the pile. Peas, beans,
millet, pumpkins, and other garden products are stored '^

6o THE AINU OF JAPAN

in these plams. At least one traveller, who made a
*caBual visit to some Ainu Tillages, first gnessed, and
then bad the andacit; to etate, that ^lese bnildinga
were Aina templet ! This is an example of what nntme
statements people will make upon subjects of which
they reall; know nothing.

At the east end of every but, and near the-SKE^d-^
east window, about five or six yards from it, the Ainu
has what might be called bis temple ; for to him it is
really his special place of
worship. This consists of
a few poles, upon which are
placed the skulls of deer,
bears, foxes, and other
kinds of animals which
have been killed in the
hunt, and also of a large
number of inao and ntisa.
Of course many jHjrsons have, for the want of
better information, thought these inao are placed there
for worship ; but such is not the ease. They are offer-
ings to the various gods — a sort of tbankofferiog or
memento. Twice a year, at least, the owner of the hat,
together with his immediate friends and relatives,
reverently approach these skulls and shavings and offer
worship. This takes place in the early spring and the
autumn ; also whenever there is a birth, a sickness, or
death in the bunily; It is a touching sight to see the

HUT-BUILDING AND HOUSE-WARMING 6i

old men with grave and reverent faces sitting before
these son-dried skulls, and praying to their gods.
Libations of wine are often offered at this place, for it is
supposed by some that the spirits of the slain animals
reside there, or at least often visit their remains, and
that they are pleased to accept the sacrifice of wine, and
as a return for the devoutness and thoughtfulness of the
offerers will render them successful in the hunt.

Each hut generally has a small plot of land to
itself. This is done as a protection against fire, of
which the Ainu are very much afraid. In fact, the
Japanese afl&rm that the Ainu fear a fire and the fire
goddess so much that if a house once takes fire they
will not even attempt either to extinguish it or save any
of their property. They will not be so foolish as to rob
the fire goddess of that which she desires to have.
This, however, the Ainu deny. The Japanese have
made a mistake, and the fact is that when an Ainu hut
once catches fire there is no time to save anything, for
the thatch naturally burns very rapidly indeed.

I have seen two huts on fire, and they were both
burnt down in less than fifteen minutes. In one case a
few things were saved, but in the other the household
only just managed to save themselves, and the clothes
they had on. The Ainu are not so senseless as to
attempt the impossible — that is, to put out the flames of
a burning hut — but they do all they can to save their
treasures, especially their heirlooms, and to prevent the

63 THE AINU OF JAPAN

tire from spreading. The Aina call or alarm of fire is
a sht-ill, weird, unearthly noise, somewhat resembling
tlie note of the screech-owl, and can be heard for a great
distance. The women can best utter the scream ; the
men generally call out ' Wm\ \ '

Ainu huts vary very httle in size. The chiefs hnt
is generally a tittle larger than the reat in a village.

Amongst the common people the hut differs slightly in
size, according to the length of time the occupiers have
been married. When a newly-married couple com-
mence housekeeping, their first hut is very diminutive,
their second is a little larger, the third larger still, and
80 on, till the husband can afford to build one of the
proper dimensions. The first dwelling almost always

— ■ ;. . . . .. rr. -":L.''-k.Lj-jiB ?gfe

HUT'BUILDING AND HOUSE-WARMING 63

forms the i)orch to the second, and the second to the
third, and so oh : thus all is not labour in vain. How-
ever, a hut never consists of more than two sections,
and these are the porch or ante-chamber and the main
dwelling-place. Every time a new house is built,
or an addition made to an old one, wine has to be
procured, millet pounded and made into unleavened
cakes or dumplings, and a feast given.
^.,^-TKe Ainu are nearly as conservative a people as
the Chinese. It is exceedingly difficult to get them to
change any of their customs. In short, if one man

amongst ffiem desires to make some improvement or
other, even in so sHght a matter as adding a few planks
or boards to his hut, he cannot do so unless all the other
Ainu in his village are made joyful with strong drink,
and so led to give their consent.

A man at Horobetsu, who, for an Ainu, was a rich
man, determined to build a new house. He intended to
improve on the Ainu mode of architecture, and build
his house in the Japanese style. He had finished all
but the roof when a deputation of his brethren waited
upon him and informed him that, unless he put a roof 1
thatched after the approved Ainu style upon the house,
he would be boycotted. He was obhged to listen to
this, for he was the proprietor of a large fishing station.
That house has, it is needless to say, a proper Ainu roof
upon it, as the illustration shows.

As soon as a new hut is built, and immediately after

64 THE ATNU OF JAPAN

the family has moved into it, the ovner sends to his
relatives and the chiefs and people of his village, who,
by-the-by, all assist in the vork of building, and invites
them to the hoase- warming feast. Millet, made damp
with water, is pounded into dough in wooden mortars,
and kneaded into cakes, which are presently boiled. Of
course all this is done by the women. Sake is procured
from the Japanese wine-vendors, or, failing this, some
liquor is made by fermenting millet. When all things

JAPANESE HUT Wlln AINL ROOP

are ready, the chiefs, together with the men, sit down
in a circle at the east or sacred end of the hut, having
the tub of wine in the centre — the honoured chiefs
and landlord first, and the common people after. Each
in turn, according to age and dignity, has a cup of wine
given him.

They then proceed to worship the various gods as
follows. Each man dips the piece of wood used to
keep the moustache out of what they may be drinking

^^~ ' ^ ^^ « ^j" ^ ^.~, £l^^LiZ^^^t^^^»^

HUT-BUILDING AND HOUSE-WARMING 65

into the wine, and offers three drops to the particular
god or gods he may wish to worship. In this way a
multitude of blessings are invoked from innumerable
deities. For instance, one man addresses the goddess
of fire ; another the god of the sleeping places ; another
the god who presides over the treasures and hunting
paraphernalia ; another the god who is supposed to look
after the pots, pans, kettles, water-tubs, and other house-
hold utensils; whilst another worships the gods who
keep the windows and doors, and the east and west ends
of the huts. After all the deities who ai*e supposed to
preside over the different places and goods within the
hut have been duly honoured, the men go round the
outside of the hut, and invoke the gods who guard
the water-springs and out-houses, garden plots and
paths.

After this, the men return to the hut, and continue
their eatmg and drinking ; and when they have satisfied
their appetite they give a little wine — very httle, for
they do it grudgingly — to their wives and daughters,
who, seated behind their husbands and fathers, have to
take .what they please to give. Each man likes to obtain
all the wine possible, and delights in getting as drunk
as he can. They often quarrel because they fancy some
one person has had more than his share of drink
The hut is a pitiable sight after one of these feasts,
the fioor being covered with men dead drunk.

At this particular feast the Ainu make their i/mo, or

66 THE AINU OF JAPAN

shavings of willow wood of different forms, some to hang
inside, and others outside of the huts ; some, again, to
stick up by the fireside, next the sleeping places, in the
treasure corner, at the east window, at the comer where
the water-butts are kept, and at the doorways; and
others at the springs in the gardens, and by the out-
houses. 1

The house-warming feast is a most important affair
in Ainu daily life. The favour of the gods, without any
exception, must be sohcited with proper words and in a
\fj- befitting manner. None must be left out, lest they be
angry and revenge themselves upon the inhabitants of
y the hut by bringing disease and death, misfortune and
famine^ Were the goddess of the water- spring, for
example, forgotten, she might revenge herself by drying
up the springs and ceasing to give water. If the
gods who preside over the sleeping places were omitted,
they might take away all sleep from the family. This
very common act of life emphasises the fact that the
Ainu have a creed, and it illustrates the way in which
they believe in the ubiquity and daily providence of the
gods.

In Christian lands it is customary for every true
Christian to acknowledge God's providential goodness
by * saying grace.'

This is a right and godly act. But think for a
moment what this act implies and involves. It implies
a knowledge of a Uving, sentient Being higher than

HUT-BUILDING AND HOUSE-WARMING 67

man; it mvolves the idea of dependence upon that
Being ; and it is an act of worship indicating a proper
sense of devotion. It farther implies that the worshipper
believes himself to possess some natural yet mysterious
faculty or power by which he can approach that living
Being whom he calls God, and to whom he returns
thanks.

I was very much surprised, when I first visited the
Ainu, to see many of them, especially the heads of
families, acknowledge God's goodness, and give Him
thanks before eating. I do not mean to say they always
do this, but they are all taught to do so, and that in a
set formula. And I have never yet met the Ainu who
does not, before drinking wine, make his salutations,
stroke his beard, worship and thank the gods for their
benefits. One of their forms of * grace ' is : * God,
our Nourisher, I thank Thee for this food : bless it to
the service of my body.' Here, then, by this common
everyday act, we get one article of Ainu religious faith —
viz., that he believes in a power above himself, on whom
he depends for his daily food, and whom he can approach
in prayer and thanksgiving by a faculty within him-
self.

Ainu food, though not in every case that which
Europeans prefer, does not, when properly cooked, come
amiss at a pinch. For example, fresh salmon, codfish,
venison, bear's flesh, beans, millet, potatoes, and peas,
are all good in themselves when cooked properly. But

68 THE AINU OF JAPAN

the Ainu do not know how to cook. They are
remarkably fond of stew, strongly flavoured with badly-
dried fish, and almost every article of food is cast into
the stewpot, and is there completely spoiled.

However, their food is not always cooked in this
manner, for fish is sometimes roasted before the fire,
and i)otatoes are baked in the ashes upon the hearth.
A hungry man can make a good and enjoyable meal off
such things. They are very fond of salmon, salmon-
trout, young sharks, swordfish, and whale ; and, in the
way of flesh, bear's fat and marrow-bones, the haunch
of venison, and any part of a horse or bullock. Seaweed
and various herbs, the roots of some kinds of lilies, and
many water plants, as well as leeks and onions, are used
as vegetables ; while grouse, wild geese, and cranes serve
for game.

When taking a meal, the mistress of the house,
together with her husband and youngest children, sit
on the side of the fireplace that is to the left-hand on
looking into a hut from the west-end door. The rest of
the family occupy the right-hand side, strangers the
lower end, near the door, and honoured guests the east
or sacred end of the hearth.

There is no dishing- up to be done. The mistress
ladles the food out of the stewpot as it hangs over the
fire, and passes it to the one for whom it is intended.
One advantage of this is, a person gets his dinner really
hot, and meat and pudding covers are not required.

HUT-BUILDING AND HOUSE-WARMING

Visitora are generally served firat, then the husband, •
and lastly the remaining members of the famUy.

The Ainu have a very limited supply of eating
utensils. 'Now, if the cups are not sufficient to go round
the whole number taking food, two or more have to use
the same cap. But this is not often the caBe, for each

AN AINt; FAHILT TAKIHQ A

member of a family has generally his own cup or shell
safely stowed away near his sleeping place, ever ready
to be produced when required. When a person wishes
f(ir more food, it is the correct thing to ask the mistress
to replenish his cup. If she is too much engaged, or
at all inclined to be familiar, as she is, for instance,

70 THE AINU OF JAPAN

among her own friends and relatives, she simply removes
the pot-lid and points to the ladle, thereby indicating
that the person may help himself.

The Aina cannot be commended for their cleanliness
in the treatment of food. They very seldom wash their
pots and pans, and still less their eating cups. It is
therefore worthy of remark that the index finger is
called in Ainu Itangi kern ashikipet — that is, * the finger
for licking the cup.* It is so called because people
generally cleanse their eating cups by first wiping the
inside of them with their index finger and then licking
it!

Various kinds of animal food the Ainu eat have
been mentioned ; but it must not be supposed that they
are well oflf, or always in possession of a well-stocked
larder. Nowadays many of the people do not know the
taste of venison, as there are so few deer about. They
were very numerous a few years ago, but have nearly all
been killed off by the Japanese hunters, who came with
their guns and proceeded to destroy them wholesale for
the factories which the Government of Yezo established
for the canning of venison. This exterminating process
went on till now hardly any deer are left. The oflScials
have at last seen the folly of this, and have lately pro-
hibited both Japanese and Ainu alike from killing deer,
and a fine is imposed if anyone is caught hunting them.
Hence venison now must be struck off the list of articles
of Ainu food. Bear's flesh is also very scarce. Salmon

HUT-BUILDING AND HOUSE-WARMING

only comes at particular times each year, and the people
know nothing about the art of preserving fish by salting,
and do not even possess salt. They dry a few fish in the
sun ; but fish so prepared is remarkably odoriferous, and
of a very high flavour.

72 THE AINU OF JAPAN

CHAPTER V

FUBNITI&B

There is not much furniture in an Ainu hut. The
centre of the building is taken up with the hearth, which
is a long open space surrounded with pieces of wood. In
this space as many as three or four fires can be kept
l)urning at one time if necessary. Above the fireplace is
suspended from the roof an apparatus or frame containing
pot-hooks and all kinds of cooking paraphernalia. This
instrument is called tuna. Above this necessary piece
of furniture, fish, bear's flesh, and venison are hung to
dry ; and as the tuna is a kind of framework with a few bars
as a bottom, wheat, barley, or millet are placed in mats
and put upon it, that they may l)e cured ready for
threshing and pounding into flour.

That part of the hut extending from the head of the
fireplace to the east window is, as already stated, held
sacred, and is set apart for special strangers and visi-
tors, particularly for honoured guests. The right-hand
corner is the place where all the Ainu treasures are kept,
also a great number of family ittao and nma ; and upon
the beams over these, heirlooms, old swords, bows and

FURNITURE

arrows, spears, and fishing implements are stowed
away. In long boxes next to these are preserved the
special ornamental clothes and important things I>eIong-
ing to the master of the hut.

£Asr wiMOomf

Tft£ASUM£

SLt£PiNO PLACE

PUT UP fOP M£

•J

OOOO

•I

GUCs

STS «-.

iC£

«!

•{?

•^

«•<

>»

«)

•».

<■

■>4

l:r

-^ WitUsJ-

•o

, , o O '^

O/iTi j i^it^tf** nACI

POUCH

PLAN OP AN AINU HUT

Next to the sacred east corner comes the bedstead of
the heads of the family. This consists merely of a raised
platform or bench, having a screen of mats hung round ^
it. After the bed comes the private comer of the mis-

74 THE AINU OF JAPAN

tress, where she keeps a little box in which are stored her
beads, rings, necklaces, and other little nicknacks. Next
to this is the sleeping place for the daughters of the
family ; then the doorway leading into the ante-chamber.
On the other side of the doorway the water-butt, tubs,
pots and pans are generally found. After this the sleep-
ing shelves of the male members find a place. Then
comes the south door, when a hut can boast of two doors.
Friends sleep at the east end, near the window. The
master and mistress and younger members of the family
look upon the right-hand side of the hearth as their
special place, and the rest of the family occupy the
opposite side. Honoured guests take the head of the
fireplace, and common visitors remain at the west end of
the hearth near the doorway.

Sometimes the Ainu, especially when they expect
visitors, place mats made of a hard kind of reed upon
the floor ; and upon these they spread yet another
softer mat, made of rushes and grass. These are used
instead of stools and chairs to sit upon. Hence, to
spread a mat for a person is equal to offering him
a chair. I once got into a dreadful scrape, though
quite unintentionally, through jokingly telling an Ainu
that I would roll him in a mat. On this occasion I
was packmg up some of my things preparatory to
paying a visit to another village. An old man, who was
very eager to assist me, would insist on rolling up
in mats for transportation the things I did not want to

FURNITURE

go. I jokingly said, at last, that unless be ceased
I would roll him up too. The old man flew into a
passion at once, and I was quite at a loss to understand
■why he should be so angry. I have since learnt that to
tell an Ainn one will roll him up in a mat is equivalent
to informing him that you are ready to bury him !
This is due to the fact that Ainu, when they die, are
rolled up in mats and buried ; they are not placed in
coffins.

Ainu huts are so unsubstantially built that at times
the wind whistles through them at such a rate that it
is next to an impossibility to keep a lamp or candle
burning. On one occasion I had mats hung up al)
round me in the attempt to keep my candle burning ;
but all my efforts were of no avail, and there was
nothing for it bnt to retire early to bed. My bed was
somewhat hard, for it consisted of bare boards. Never-
theless, after a few weeks' practice, even a board bed
becomes quite a comfortable and healthy place for a
tired body. The cliief difficulty about a board bed is
that, in winter, the boards seem to throw out no heat ;
hence I had to keep myself warm with the hard and
dry untanned skins of animals and hot-water bottles —
for Ainu huts are remarkably cold in winter. More-
over, the dried fish, some of which hangs rotting in the
roof, emits anything but a savoury odour. The smoke,
too, is a great nuisance, and causes the eyes to smart
and run with water. As for fleas, beetles, and other

76 THE AINU OF JAPAN

objectionable insects, the huts in some districts swarm
with them daring the summer months. Snakes occasion-
ally visit the thatch of the roof in search of mice and
sparrows' nests. Fleas are the most troublesome of the
insects, and appear to have a special liking for white man's
blood. On one occasion, when I arose in the morning, my
body was completely covered with bites ; but, strange to
say, ever since that night they have been unable to
make any impression whatever upon me. Intending
travellers in Ainu-land should carry with them a large
supply of Keating's insect powder.

The domestic implements used by the Ainu are
not very numerous. Some of them are very simply
made, but others are quite nicely carved. The cups,
dishes, pots and pans are all of Japanese manufacture ;
but trays, spoons, and pounding mortars are home-
made, as are also their weaving looms. Ainu children
are not brought up on pap administered with silver
spoons. Wooden spoons are quite sufficient for them.
Sometimes pap made of millet is given tq.^^oung
children with a wooden spoon or with a piece of shell ;
sometimes with the fingers ; and occasionally mothers
give their offspring food from their own mouths. This
is a favourite method of making very young children
take medicine. By this means even babies are made
to swallow noxious physic before they know what has
taken place. It is certainly not a cleanly habit, but it
is very effectual, and quickly done.

FURNITURE

The spoons used for cooking purposes are of various
shapes, and two of the most common patterns are shown
in the iUustrations. That marked 1 is used for stirring
mi]let cakes when they are being cooked for a feast.
That marked 2 is used for ladling out millet or rice or
stew from the pot. There
are spoons of other
patterns and sizes, but
they call for no special
remark. The ornamenta-
tion is mere matter of
taste, and is devised ac-
cording to the carver*s
own fancy.

The engravings on the
next page represent two
moustache lifters. They
are, of course, used only by
the men. It is a curious
instrument, and is only
called into use when drink-
ing. Its purpose is two-
fold. The men invariably

use it when they are at worship ; for with the end of it
they offer drops of wine to the gods to whom they pray.
Further, the moustache lifters are used to keep the
moustache out of the cup whilst the men drink. It is
considered to be very unseemly and impolite to allow

AINU SPOONS

THE AINU OF JAPAN

one's moustache to go into the wine as it is being drimL
It is disrespectful to the persons present, and is thought
to be dishonouring to the deities.

A COMMON MOUSTACHE LIFTEB

C2ffi

>:^>it

ffiRl^ v\^

A CEREMONIAL MOUSTACHE LIFTEB

At drinking ceremonies — that is to say, at a funeral
or house-warming feast — the Ainu use what they call

a kike-ush-bashui, * a
moustache lifter
havmg shavings at-
tached to it.' They
are made of willow.
All of these instru-
I _ ments, however, do
~ not have shavings
attached to them ;
but the men who
pride themselves on
theii* hunting abiUties have bears carved upon them.
They are very proud of these, and set great store by
them.

The mortar and pestle are also in common use in

AINU PESTLE AND MOETAR

PABT8 OF A LOOM

So THE AINU OF JAPAN

an Ainu hut. These instraments are home made,
and each consists of a solid piece of wood. The mortar
is used for threshing out wheat and millet, also for
beating millet into flour and paste. This paste is used
for making cakes for the special feasts. The pestle is
held by the middle, so that it has really two ends.

Next to implements used in the preparation of food,
the weaving loom is a most important article. It is a
simple affair, consisting of six parts. The illustration
shows what they are. No. 1 is called a kamakap ; it
very much resembles a ship's log-winder. It is used to
keep the warp thread separated. No. 2 is called an osa.
It is something like a comb, and is used to keep the
warp straight. No. 3 is the shuttle, used for carrying
the thread of the woof from one side of the cloth to the
other, l)etween the threads of the warp. It is called
ahunka-nit. No. 4 is called a peka-o-nit, and is used for
the purpose of changing the warp threads. No. 5 is
called attush-hcra. It is used to knock the woof close
home. No. G is merely a small piece of wood used as a
beginning or foundation for the clofh. It will be easily
understood that this very primitive mode of weaving is
most tedious, and therefore requires a great amount of
patience. It takes a very long time to weave a yard of
cloth with such a machine. However, the Ainu do not
understand anything about the value of time.

Ainu candlesticks and lamps are not very elaborate
affairs. They consist of a piece of stick split at one end.

urn

FURNITURE

This stick is stuck into the hearth, and a piece of lighted
birch bark is fixed in the split end. Birch bark burns
very well indeed, but the light it gives is of a very
glaring kind ; one cannot see to do much by it.

Fire used to be produced by rubbing very dry pieces
of the roots of elm-trees together. Friction is said by
the people to work quicker upon
this kind of wood than upon
any other. But as soon as the
Ainu came into closer contact
with the Japanese, they bought
and used flints and steels. These
were worked so that the sparks
fell upon touchwood, which takes
fire easily and quickly when
dry. Now, however, matches of
Japanese make are in daily
use.

The Ainu like to carry their
loads of fish, or wood, or what-
ever it may be, upon their backs.
They prefer to have their hands free, and use their heads
to help carry their bundles. The person about to carry a ^
bundle ties what is called a tara or chi-ashkc'tara round
the bundle, throws it on to the back, and places the
headpiece of the tara over the forehead. There is not so
much work for the head to do as one would expect, for
the main part of the weight of the load is on the lower

A TARA

THE AINU . OF JAPAN

part of the back. It is astonishing what heavy loads
can be carried in this way. The preceding illustration
represents a Xara^ showing particularly that part which
goes over the forehead. It has cloth and cotton worked
into it, which keeps it, in a measure, from hurting the
carrier's head.

TOBACCO PIPK-nOLDKR AND BOX

The Ainu do not use baskets much, though they
have a few; but they have invented a kind of bag, which
is a mat rolled up, and a piece of cloth sewn over each
end. This article is very common. It is called chitarabe:
This is also carried by means of the tara.

Smoking tobacco is not a real Ainu custom, any more
than tobacco itself is indigenous to Yezo. Smokuig was

FURNITURE 85

probably learned from the Japanese. Certainly, many
of the pipes used are of Japanese origin, though some
appear to have come from Manchuria. The old women
smoke as well as the men, though the younger do not.

The tobacco box and pipe-holder shown in the
engraving are said to be very old. They are made
of walnut wood. The box itself has some small pieces
of deer bone inlaid, and the pipe-holder is prettily
carved. It is very difficult to get hold of so good a set,
for the Ainu prize them very highly, and sometimes
have them buried with their owners, although they are
smashed to pieces before being thrown into the grave.
The little piece of wire whidi is attached to the top of
the pipe-holder is used for cleaning out the bowl of the
pipe, and the round hole at the bottom is to put the
pipe through when finished with.

86 THE AINU OF JAPAN

CHAPTER VI

INAO, OR RELIGIOUS SYMBOLS

Many curious and most amusing, though perhaps very
natural, mistakes have frequently been made by visitors
to the Ainu. For example, a photographer once came
to Ainu-land and took a photograph of a storehouse or
granary. He developed his negative, printed oflf some
pictures, wrote * Ainu Temple ' beneath them, and placed
them in his shop window for sale. As a matter of fact,
we have already noted that the Ainu have no temples,
meeting-houses, or chapels, in which to meet for pubKc"
worship, or shrines to hold their gods. Another visitor
has told us that xnao or willow-shavings are household
gods ; while a third has gravely remarked that some of
these willow-shavings represent male, and others female,
gods ! These assertions are mere guesses, and nothing
more ; and even Miss Bird, correct as she generally is,
was led astray on this point. Writing on this subject,
she says : ' Household gods form an essential part of
the furnishing of every house. In this one, at the left
of the entrance, there are ten white wands, with shavings
depending from the upper end, stuck in the wall;

INAO, OR RELIGIOUS SYMBOLS 87

another projecting from the window which faces the
sunrise ; and the great god, a white post, two feet high,
with spirals of shavings depending from the top, is
always planted in the floor, near the wall on the left
side.'

Miss Bird is accurate as to these shavings being
placed in different parts of the hut, but she is not
correct in calling them gods. They are not gods, but
sacred offerings to them ; and they are made especially
to show the faith and devotion of the offerer, and are
offered as a token thereof. When placed about singly
they are called inao^ and when a number are put together
they go by the name of n\i%a, Nusa is the name the
Japanese give to certain pieces of silk they hang up in
the Shinto temples before the gods.

inaoj then, briefly defined, are pieces of whittled
j?iUow_jKQod, having. the -fihaviiigs left attached to the
4qp ; or, as Miss Bird says, they are * white wands with
shavings depending from the upper end.' The engraving
represents one particular kind, which goes by the name
of inao netoha — that is, * tlie chief inao.' They are
called ' chief ' because they are of the highest import-
ance, since they are specially made for the gods who
are supposed to stand first in order. The Ainu way of
explaining this fact is very peculiar, and well serves to
illustrate their general ideas about the Godhead. These
JiB£o netoha^ they say, are symbols or signs presented to
the 'distant gods.' By distant gods they mean the

88 THE AINU OF JAPAN

chief gods, or those who are romote ham haman beings,
in coatradiBtinction to the minor deities, or those near
at hand. For, be it understood, the greater and higher
and more honourable the god, the farther off is his
dwelling, and the more in number are the lesser and
intermediary gods through whom he acts. We thus
find the Ainu idea of the goverament of the world and

IKAO KETOBA, I

B CHIEF IHAO

mtin to be fashioned after the model of human govern-
ments with their kin^^a and officers. .

This class of imw, sometimes also known as the
chhei koro iiiao, or 'household inao,' is often made and
placed, in the first instance, before the hearth, and the
goddess of fire, who often goes b; the name of ' angel '
or ' messenger,' is called upon to notify the Creator, or

INAO, oft;, RELIGIOUS SYMBOLS 89

the goddess of the San, who is looked upon as the chief
of the deities, that an offering has been made to them,
le inao are always presented with prayers, and no
prayer is supposed to be acceptable to the gods without

»ign of devotion. This particular kind of
inao is made by shaving the wxx)d upwards. When done
with they are placed in the sacred north-east corner of
the hut ; and when they have become very dry and brown
with age they are further removed and placed outside
the hut opposite the east window ; and when they have
become too shabby to remain there they are brought
indoors, and respectfully burnt, with prayer, upon the
hearth.

The kind of inao which appears to rank next m im-
portance is the chi-ehoroha-kej) — that is, * the shaved back-
wards.' These, as their name implies, are made by being
shaved downwards from the top instead of upwards from
the bottom. Some of these wands have three sets of
shavings left attached to them, while others have but two.
I have never been able to learn the rule which governs the
exact number of sets of shavings which should be left in
given cases. The Ainu themselves do not appear to be
quite certain on this point ; they seem to fashion them
after their uncertain ideas about what will be accept-
able. But, though they may not be particular as to
the number of clusters of shavings they leave on one
stick, they are extremely careful about having six dis-
tinct shavings in each cluster upon either side of the

THE AINU OF JAPAN

stem, for six is the sacred or^ perfect number of the
people.

These chi-ehoroka^kep symbols are made as oflferings
to the Ehange Kamui^ which signifies ' the gods near at
hand.* By this term they mean those gods who are
supposed to be between them and the higher gods, who

> (

CHI-EHOBOKi^-KEP, OR * THE SHAVED BAOKWABDS *

are too honourable to act immediately and of them-
selves. Thus, for example, this kind of inao are often
seen by the springs of water, upon the river banks, in
the gardens, by the side of out-houses, near precipices,
and sometimes, when a lesser deity is being invoked, by
the fireside. It will thus be observed that this special kind

INAO, OR RELIGIOUS SYMBOLS 9<

of offering is presented to the local deities, or those
deities who are thoagbt to be more in direct touch with
men.

A third kind, inoo-^'i'e — that is, ' xnwi shavings ' — are
simply shavings of willow, and appear to be used as
much by way of ornament as for offerings to the gods.
However, they never quite lose their religious value and

significance, as being associated with woruhip and made
of the sacred willow-tree. Being but shavings, they are
hung up in the windows and doorways of the huts, and
are looked upon as charms, and considered safeguards
&om evil.

The mita, to which reference has already been made,
can hardly be called a kind of vnao, since the word is
applied especially to a cluster or great number of mao

92 THE AINU OF JAPAN

placed together. Sach clusters may be seen upon the
sea-shore, at the fishing stations, and at the east end of
the dwelling huts. The engraving represents one of
these clusters as they appear upon the sea-shore.

These offerings are called kenta-ush inao, or ' legged
ituio,' or * inao having legs,* and they are so called be-
cause they are tied to stakes stuck in the ground, which
go by the name of kema, or * legs.'

They are placed upon the sea-shore as offerings to
one of the two sea gods, called Rep un kamui, or * sea
gods.' One of these, strange as it may appear, is
thought to be good, and the other evil. They are
brothers, and their names are Shi acha, the elder, and
Mo acha, the younger. Shi acha means * the rough ' or
* wild uncle,' and he is supposed to be of a very evil and
restless disposition, and to be continually pursuing and
persecuting his younger brother, Mo aclia. Mo aclia
means * uncle of peace.' Mo acha, being of a benevolent
character and a quiet, kindly disposition, does all he can
to live in peace, and benefit the Ainu race. He comes
and settles down by the sea-side, and brings still, quiet
winds and good weather with him. Then it is that the
Ainu fishermen launch their boats and go fishing. But
Shi acha, the wild and malignant elder brother, ever
ready and anxious to do all the harm he can, comes and
chases his peaceable brother away, and brings bad
weather, so that the Ainu are obliged to haul in their
boats and Unes and go home without any fish. Ski acha

INAO OR RELIGIOUS SYMBOLS 93

is supposed to be the originator of all storms and ship-
wrecks, and hence the ni^a, which are placed upon the
sea-shore, are not presented to him, the ' wild uncle,' but
to the peaceable and good god. ^
— ¥fai9^dualisui or ulnzggle-between two principles, a
^QDciple-oL^good. and- a. principle of evil, is said to be
incessantly raging. The good and the evil are ever
antagonistic the one to the other ; they always have been
and always will be. Thus, as there are two gods of the
sea, one good and the other evil, so there are good and
evil gods who are supposed to preside over the rivers.
The river deities are called WahJca-iish kamuiy 'watery
gods.' They are feminine, and it is their province to
watch over all springs, ponds, lakes, streams, waterfalls,
and rivers. There is one particular goddess who has to
watch the mouths of rivers and allow the fish, particu-
larly the spring and autumn salmon, to go in and out.
Her name is Chiwash ehot mat, which means * the female
possessor of the places where the fresh and salt waters
mingle.' It is to this goddess that nma are set up upon
the banks near the mouths of rivers.

There are other gods who are supposed to have their
home in the rivers ; and they go by the general name of
Pet-riMish mat, * the females of the waterways.' They
are supposed to have the oversight of all rivers and
streams from their source to the sea. These deities,
who are supposed to be good, are frequently worshipped.
Thus, when the men go to fish in the rivers, they always

94 THE AINU OF JAPAN

ask the gods to make them successful ; or, if they are
descending rapids, they never forget to ask for guidance
and protection, and they always remember to make
offerings of xnao and n\Ma.

But there is also the evil god of rivers, who goes by
the name of Sarah kamui, Sarak is a word meaning
accidental death, and Sarak kamui appears to be a god
or demon who presides over accidents. Its evil deeds
are not confined exclusively to the fresh waters, but are
the cause of all land accidents. When an accidental
death has taken place, either by drowning or otherwise,
the Ainu, as soon as they find it out, proceed to perform
a ceremony frequently called Sarak kamtd. The ceremony
is as follows. Sake is procured by the relatives of the
victim, and messengers are sent to the different villages
to invite the men and women to join in the proceedings.
The men bring their swords or long knives, and the
women their head-gear. On arriving at the appointed
hut, the chiefs of the people assembled proceed to chant
their dirges and worship the fire god. Then, after
eating some cakes, made of pounded millet, and drink-
ing a good proportion of sake, they all go out of doors in
single file, the men leading. The men draw their swords
or knives, and hold them, point upwards, in the right
hand, close to the shoulder, and then altogether they
take a step with the left foot, at the same time stretching
forward to the full extent the right hand with the
sword, and calling, as if with one voice, * Wool ! ' Then the

INAO, OR REUGIOUS SYMBOLS 95

right foot is moved forward, the sword at the same
time being drawn back, and the wool repeated. This is
continued till the place of accident is reached. The
women follow the men, and with dishevelled hair, their
head-gear hanging over the shoulders, they continue to
weep and howl during the whole ceremony. Arrived at
the place of accident, a continual howling is kept up for
some time, and the men strike hither and thither with
their swords, supposing that thus they are driving away
the evil Sarak kamui. This finished, the people return
to the house of the deceased in the same order as they
came forth, and, sad to say, feast, drink sakCf and get
intoxicated. The ceremony of attending Sarak kamui is
called Nucen Iwribi.

The larger clusters of inao which are to be seen
outside the sacred east-end of every Ainu hut may
be called the Ainu temple, for to him it is the most
sacred place he knows upon earth. To this place he
comes and worships the last thing before he sets out on
a journey, and when he returns home again it will be
nearly the first place he will visit. Here the mistress of
the house generally throws her chaff after she has
threshed her millet and corn ; and here, too, the hunter
places the skulls of deer and bears and wolves he may<
tave killed in the hunt. j

As these inao of various orders and descriptions are
thus seen to be so extensively used and so closely con-
nected with prayer and worship, it is no matter for surprise

96 THE AINU OF JAPAN

that travellers have taken them to be goda ; in fact, it would
have been a great wonder bad they not done so. But
enough has been said to show that in no sense e&n these
willow-wands be called gods. "T^y are_merelj;_o|fenngB
to the various deities, though they hold a very imp ortant

place in the Ainu religion. They are made and offered
upon almost every occasion of prayer, and placed in the
domain of particular titular deities, and near their
supposed dwelling-places. Thus, when a person is
taken ill, his friend or relative, the chief of the village.

INAO, OR REUGIOUS SYMBOLS 97

gets a new piece of willow wood fresh from the forest,
and sitting down before the fire, peels oflf the outer
rind, and shaves the stick into an moo. When it is
finished he places it in the corner of the hearth near
the fire, and asks the fire goddess, who is supposed to
be a great purifier from disease, to look kindly upon the
sick one. He next addresses her by the name * messenger,'
and requests her to go to the Creator and ask Him
to kindly accept the moo he has just made, to hear his
prayers, and to allow her, * the fire goddess,' to heal the
sick one. The idea seems to be that the Creator is too
great a personage to condescend to do the healing
Himself.

In like manner, when the Ainu are out hunting,
they will most devoutly, when they build their lodge to
sleep in, stick up the second kind of inao before their
fire. At the ^ame time they will say, * goddess of
fire, we present this inao unto thee ! pray watch over us
to-night, and ask the deities to grant us success when
we awake.' At the spring where they get their water,
they set up another, saying, *0 goddess of water, we
come to drink at this, thy spring ! please look upon
our offering, and do us good, and watch over us.' On
the morrow, before beginning the hunt, they make the
first kind of inao, and offer it to the great God of all,
and, using the fire goddess as mediator, ask Him to
render them successful.

The Ainu never go to fish in the sea without a small

THE AINU OF JAPAN

piece of \^illow wood and a knife. This is in case a
storm should arise, and they therefore desire to call
ui)on God to help them. In such a case, they hastily
make a few xnao shavings, and cast them into the sea,
at the same time offering up a prayer that they may be
saved.

Every Ainu is supposed to make his household xnao
at least once a year, usually during the winter, or, if
possible, twice a year, in the spring and autunm. Of
course he makes some on the occasion of any feast or
death, or when he has been successful at hunting
or fishing. The ordinary and extraordinary circum-
stances guide the Ainu in making these offerings.

lOl

•• ,-.

CHAPTER VII ^

ETIQUETTE '

•

There is probably no race, however barbarous or savage/
which has not some special and recognised forms of
etiquette which must be observed in the social life
of its individual members. These, when rightly and
duly performed by a person, cause him to be regarded
as an individual of good-breeding; if neglected, he is
looked upon with disfavour, and his negligence is taken
either as a personal insult or slight, or as a sign of
ignorance and ill-breeding.

Now, the Ainu have various matters of national
decorum, and about the observance of these they are
very particular indeed. Personal beEafviour is a subjeci
the Ainu are always careful to instruct their
The salutation of the men, for example, is at
once a common, and yet an imi)ortant and curious, part
of Ainu decorum. When living in an Ainu hut, as I
have done for many months at a time, I have often seen
two men saluting one another. The people also always
saluted me after the orthodox Ainu style, as though
I were one of themselves. Of course I endeavour,

I02 THE AINU OF JAPAN

according to the best of my abiUtj^, to do the proper
thing in return, after the mo6tj3orreit*matmer.

Tlie first etep ia to ^^.albw cough and gently
clear the throat before entering a hut. After this is
done, and if no one' ^q^cb out to invite the Tisitor in, he
walks steadily upihe centre of the hut by the right-
hand ,.Hi<ht '-.of the hearth, and sits down before the
ma9ter,*£are-headed and cross-legged, as though he vere

ii. tailor. Then, wlicn the throat has again been cleared,
he stretches forward Iuh hands aa shown in the illustra-
tion. The person he in saluting goes tliroagh similar
actions, looking both attentive and respectful. The two
next proceed to gently rub their hands together, by
drawing back first one hand and then the other in such
a way as to allow the jmints of the fingers to rub the
palms of each hand alternately. This is duue fur some

ETIQUETTE

103

little time. While rubbing {he hands, the parties, one
at a time, ask after each other's health, and express
a wish that every heavenly blessing may be bestowed,
first upon each other, then upon their wives and
families, next upon their relatives, and, lastly, upon
their native place. Sometimes this form of salutation
is kept up for a long time, at others for only a few
moments, according to circumstances and the amount
of business there may be on hand. However, when this

^^i

1L^.^N\«..sV>

AINU MEN SALUTING

part of the performance has been satisfactorily gone
through, they finish by each stroking his own beard, as
shown in the engraving, each at the same time making
a soft rumbling sound in his throat.

When this preliminary salutation is over, the visitor,
after a short interval, again proceeds to rub the palms of
his hands, and to tell his business. The listener also
always rubs his hands in hke manner as long as the'
speaker does. This is a very tedious affair, especially as

I04 THE AINU OF JAPAN

the palm rubbing goes on very often for twenty minutes
or half an hour. As soon as the particular matter which
has led to the interview is settled, the master of the
house intimates by a few familiar remarks that all for-
mality is at an end. They then stroke their own beards
to each other and commence to talk in a natural and
^ imrestrained manner.

This common salutation of the men is in a sense a
religious exercise, because in the first part of the cere-
mony they ask God to bestow blessings upon each other
and their families, and this, as will be seen, involves an
act of prayer. When worshipping their unseen gods,
they salute them in exactly the same way as they do
their fellow-men.

The women's mode of salutation is very curious.
They never, so far as I am aware, perform the ceremony
to their own sex, but only to the men. On entering a
hut the woman removes her head-dress and hangs it
neatly over her left arm. She then brushes back the
front locks of her hair and places the right hand over
her mouth. All this is preliminary. When she sees
that the man she desires to address has condescended to
look at her, she draws the index finger of the right hand
gradually up the middle of the left and up the arm to
the shoulder ; then from left to right across the upper
lip and close under the nose, ending by stroking and
smoothing the forelocks of her hair behind the ears.
She then waits for an invitation to speak.

ETIQUETTE 105

When the women have been away from their native
Tillages for a long time, and again meet their Bisters and
other female relatives, they appear to take great delight

AIKU WOMAN SALVTINO

in seizing one another by the shoulders and weeping
apon each other's necku. I have seen women in this
position for half an hour or more at a time. In fact, in
this position they will chaut to each other their whole

io6 THE AiNU OF JAPAN

pereonnl history since they last met. Qaestions are pnt
and answered in this weeping, sing-song faehion.

The men salate the boys and girls by seizing their
heads and stroking their hair from the crown to the

HALUTINO A CIIII.U

ahoulderB. The engraving shows how this is done.
This possibly partakes more of the nature of a careas
than of a salutation.

Whenever a person desires to visit a hut he should

ETIQUETTE 107

never entet vithont beiog asked. But, as there are no ^
wooden doors to knock at, what is to be done ? Being
unable to knock, a person has to make a noise with hie
throat ; something like a long guttural sounding, he-he-
h^-he-hem. If the person who desires to enter belongs
to the village, he goes in without more ceremony ; but if
he is a stranger he must wait until someone who has
beard the noise conies out and takes him in. Once in-
side he must go through the palm-rubbing, beard-
stroking, and all the formalities of salutation. Men,
after calling upon a person, always go out walkuig side-
ways.

Women also say he-he-he-he-hem before entering a
hut, and as soon as they get inside make an obeisance
like that which has been already described. They leave •.
a hut by walking backwards. It is impolite for a woman .
to turn her back upon a man.

There are many minor rules which have to be ob-
served. Never enter a liut with a head-dress on. Ne^^-
Aush either in or out of a but, but always go steadily '
' and softly. Never look into a hut through the window,
especially the end window. Never go eavesdropping.
Never address a stranger unless he or she speaks first to
you. These rules are binding upon all, men, women,
an3children alike.

The women are always expected to take their head-
dress off when they meet a man, except widows, who
never remove their head-dress, but always wear the

io8

THE AINU OF JAPAN

widow's hood. Women always step oat of the way when
they see a man commg, and make room for him to pass.
They always salute a man when they meet one by cover-
mg their mouth with the hand and fixing their eyes upon
the ground. They keep out of the way as much as pos-
sible, and consider they are quite an inferior order of
beings. They ought to be obedient to their husbands,
and never answer them back when they speak.

109

CHAPTER VIII

EDUCATION

Ainu children used never to be troubled by schools or
schoolmasters. The mountains, the rivers, and the sea
were their school-house ; necessity was their instructor ;
inclination and the weather were the only forces which
made them work.

The first and chief duties that the children were
taught were obedience to parents, a careful regard to
their elder brother, and reverence for the old men of
their village. They were to speak when spoken to, and
at other times to be seen, but not heard. By no means
were they allowed to interrupt their elders when engaged
in conversation.

The men attended to the education of the boys, and
the women looked after the girls of a family. The boys
were taught to fish and hunt ; to make bows, arrows,
and traps ; to set spring-bows in the trail of animals ;
to decoy deer, and to judge of the weather by the skies.
They were never taught to make poison for the destruc-
tion of animals until full-grown, and even then only a
few were taught the secret.

no THE AINU OF JAPAN

^ Next they were taught the names and shapes of
certain mountains and hills^ the names and courses of
the chief rivers and streams, so that they might not get
lost when out on a hunting expedition. They also had
to learn the secret and quickest routes to different places.
And last, but not least, they were taught how to make
xnao and nuza offerings, and what forms of prayer to use
upon different occasions; the various salutations and
the proper course to pursue in the various ceremonies ;
also, the ancient traditions.

The women taught the girls to nurse children, and
to prepare bark and weave it into cloth ; to sew, em-
broider, and mend ; to work in the gardens, to cook, to
thatch huts, to cut wood, and a thousand and one other
things. They were also instructed in the art of tattooing
their arms and lips, and how to weep and howl for the
dead. Lastly, they were particularly taught to honour
and respect and wait upon the men ; always to wait to
be spoken to before addressing them ; always to get out
of their way when they came along a path ; to cover the
mouth with the hand when meeting them and to un-
cover the head in their presence; and they were in-
structed to never forget to enter a hut with the face
towards the household, and to go out backwards.
I . Moral lessons were enforced by certain tajes. Thus,

_\for instance, dihgen ce was enco uraged and idleness
discouraged by the following curious fable. Its title
is:

EDUCATION III

THE MAN IN THE MOON

' In ancient times there was a lad who would neither
pT' obey his father nor his mother, and who even disliked
to fetch water ; so, the gods being angry, put him in
f the side of the moon, as a warning to all people. This
is the man in the moon. For this reason, let all the
world understand that the words of parents, whether
they be good or evil, must be obeyed.'

The Ainu give a curious explanation of this legend,
which is as follows :

* Though the lad was ordered to draw water, he was
idle, and sat chopping at the fireplace with an edged
tool. As he went out he struck the door-post, saying,
" Ah, me ! you, being a door-post, do not have to draw
water." Then, taking the ladle and the bucket, he went
down to the river ; and when he came to the river he
saw a httle fish coming up the stream, to which he said :
** Ah, me ! because you — you awfully bony creature—
are a fish, you do not have to draw water." Again,
seeing a salmon-trout, he said : "Ah, me ! you soft,
flabby creature, you do not have to draw water.'' Then,
descending thence, he saw an autumn salmon, to which
he said, " How do you do, how do you do, Mr. Salmon ? "
and straightway he was seized by the salmon, and, for
the instruction of all people, placed in the moon. Thus
did the angry gods to him who disliked to draw water.'
V Gre edine ss was discouraged by the following tale :

112 THE ATNU OF JAPAN

A TALE OF THE FOXES

{Characters — Pan^amhe atid Pen^ambe)

' Pan*ambe, having a great desire to become rich,
stretched his tail across the sea to the town of Matsomai.
When the Lord of Matsumai saw the tail, he said, " This
is a pole sent from the gods. Hang all my clothes apon
it to air.*' So all the short-sleeved garments and good
clothing were hung out. After a time, Pan*ambe drew
i>ack his tail, and all the soft silky garments and good
clothing adhering to it came also; so that he gained
a whole houseful of things and became very rich.
Pen'ambe, hearing of his good fortune, called upon him
and said, ** My dear Pan'ambe, what have you done, that
you have become so rich ? *' Pan'ambe replied, ** Come
and take some refreshment, and I will tell you." When
he had heard all, Pen'ambe withdrawing, said : " This
is the very thing we ourselves had intended to do,
and you — you abominable Pan'ambe, you disgusting
Pan'ambe ! — have forestalled us." So saying, he went
down to the sea-shore and stretched his tail across the
sea to Matsumai. When the Lord of Matsumai saw it,
he said, ** Here is a pole sent by the gods. Hang out
all my best clothes to air." So the clothes were hung
upon it. But Pen'ambe, being in a great hurry to
become rich, began to withdraw his tail too quickly.
The Lord of Matsumai, seeing the pole move, said :
** Even thus it happened once before. There came a

EDUCATION X13

pole from the gods, upon which we hung our clothes to
air ; but a thief stole the pole away, and we all became
poor. Now again a pole has come, and we have hung
our .clothes upon it, but look ! there appears to be a
thief about ; be quick, and cut the gods' pole in two."
So the oflScers drew their swords and cut the [X)le, there-
by saving all the clothes. Pen'ambe was left with but
half a tail ! so he drew it in, but had obtained nothing,
and was in a very sorry plight. Now, if Pen'ambe had
only Ustened to what Pan'ambe had said to him, he
might have been a rich person and able to live ; but he
did not like to be advised, so he became a very poor
man.'

Kever ence to old peoi)le was taught by the following
legend :

* At the head of Japan there was a metal [i.e. very
hard] pine-tree. Now, the ancients, both noble and
ignoble, came together and broke and bent their swords
[upon that tree]. Then there came a very old man and
a very old woman upon the scene. The old man had a
useless old axe hi his girdle, and the old woman a useless
old reaping-hook. So they caused the ancients to
laugh at them.' [That is, the Ainu laughed at the
bare idea of such an old couple coming to render
assistance.]

* Even the ancients were unable to cut down that
tree ; so they said : ** Old man and old woman, what
have you come hither to do ? " The old man replied,

114 THE AIXU OF JAPAN

'' Wc have only come that we may see." As the old
man said this he drew his useless old axe, and, striking
the metal pine-tree, cut a little way into it. And the
old woman, drawing her useless old reaping-hook, struck
the tree and cut it through. There was a mighty crash ;
the earth trembleil with the fall. Then the old man and
woman passed up upon the sound thereof, and a fire
wan seen upon their sword-scabbards. The ancients
saw this and gi'eatly wondered, and then they under-
stood that it was Okikurumi and his wife.'

Therefore the Ainu say : * Let not the younger
laugh at the elder, for even very old people can teach
their juniors a great deal, even in so simple a matter as
felling trees.' Also they say : * Do not treat . strangers
slightmgly, for you never know whom you are enter-
taining.* These strangers who appeared to the Ainu
were no other than the great hero Yoshitsune (Okiku-
rumi is his Ainu name) and his wife, and yet the people
did not at first know them !

This curious legend probably enshrines the memory
of some ancient battle with the Japanese. The * metal
pine-tree,' or ' trees,' were possibly Japanese warriors
in their armour. If that be so, Yoshitsune was pro-
bably killed in helping the Ainu against his own
countrymen. There are reasons for belie\ing that he
was buried at Piratori.
\\ The education of the Ainu was done by word of
mouth and actual work. They never had schools or

EDUCATION 115

literature of any kind. They do not like, however,
to admit that they never had any books or writing
materials, for they seem ashamed of being such dunces.
There is not even a native word for either-j^», ink^ or
^^jpapfTTTEnd their word for book itself is of Japanese
origin. Notwithstanding all this, many of them tell us
that their ancestors did understand reading and writing,
but that they have now lost the art. They have in-
vented a tale by which the Japanese hero, Yoshitsune, is
made to steal and carry off a certain book — the only
book — the Ainu chief of Saru had in his possession.
The name of this book is said to be Tora no maki mono ;
a purely Japanese name. It is, in fact, the name of a
Japanese book on strategy.

The tale of the theft runs thus : * When Yoshitsune
came to Yezo he was kindly taken in by the Saru chief,
who had his residence at Piratori. This chief had
amongst his treasures a very ancient book called Torn
no maki mono, but he would never allow Yoshitsune to
see it. After a time the chief adopted Yoshitsune, and
gave him his younger daughter in marriage. One day,
after he had been in the family some time, Yoshitsune
pretended that he had bad eyes, and could not go out to
work as was his wont. So he stayed at home. On that
day he reproached his wife greatly and refused to eat,
and told her that neither did she love him, nor did she
nor her father trust him, so that he might just as well
go back to his native land. She asked him in what he

H a

-i

ii6 THE AIXU OF JAPAN

was mistrusted, and he replied that he had heard that
his father-iu-law had an ancient book somewhere in his
possession, but that, although he had let him see all his
other treasures, he had never produced it. Why was
he so distrustful ? Upon this his wife fetched the book
and let him look at it. " Now," says he, " my eyes are
(juite well ; and I shall go to work to-morrow." Yoshit-
sune noticed where his wife had put the book, so as soon
as an opportunity presented itself he stole it and ran off
with it.

* Now it hapi>ened that Yoshitsune's father-in-law
was far away in the mountains, but he felt within him-
self that something wrong was going on at home. He
therefore left his work to return. As he neared home
lie saw Yosliitsune fleeing down the river in his father-
in-law's very best and swiftest boat.

* Now, the chief always carried two harpoons about
with him, a black one and a white one, which he could
cast, with unerring aim, to any distance. He therefore
cast the white one at the stern of the boat and trans-
fixed it, but Yoshitsuni* — the cunning man — had a file
with hiui, and liled the line in two. Then the black
harpoon was cast, with a similar result. Upon this
Yosliitsune stood up in the boat and reviled his wife
and her father, and fled, not only with the book, but
also with the harpoons and the boat.'

This legend tries to account for what is undoubtedly
the fact, that the Ainu have no literature.

EDUCATION 119

The following legend of Okikurumi (Yoshitsune), in
love with an Ainu maiden, may be of interest to some.
The object of it seems to be to teach young lovers
never to despair, even if they cannot obtain the objects
of their affections, and never to look too much after the
softer sex.

* The great Okikurumi fell deeply m love ; he became
very ill, exceedingly love-sick ; he lost his appetite and
bodily strength ; he laid down in his hut in sullen
despair, and would eat neither good food nor bad ; he
was, in short, ready to die of love. And, mark you, all
this happened through taking just one glance at a
beautiful woman. Dear, dear,* says the legend, * how
badly he felt ! ' Therefore let the young beware.

But Okikurumi was cured of his dangerous malady.
A little bird flew to the cause of this affliction, the
object of his affections. Word was brought to her of
his deep-seated love and critical condition. The pretty
little bird wagged its tail and whispered in the lady's
ear that if Okikurumi died, the soul of Ainu-land would
also depart. Therefore, the bird begged her to have
mercy upon poor Okikurumi for the sake of Ainu-land.
The intercession was successful. An unreal, unsub-
stantial woman was made in the likeness of the beaut}^
with whom Okikurumi was smitten. She was brought
to his hut, and forthwith proceeded to arrange the mats,
furniture, and ornaments. Okikurumi took a sly glance
at her through his arm-hole or sleeve ; he was encour-

120 THE AIXU OF JAPAN

aged ; he got up, rejoiced, ate food, was reyived and
felt strong again. This done, the lady took her depar-
ture; she was not. What then did Okikuromi do?
^Vhy, he saw that he had been deceived in the woman,
and, as ' there was nothing to be done, nothing to be
said,' he got well again, like a sensible man.

The following is the explanation of the legend.

The goddess (i.e. the beautiful maiden) felt lonely,
and gazed upon the inside and surveyed the outside of
the hut. She went out, and behold ! the clouds were
floating and waving about in beautiful terraces upon the
horizon over Ainu-land. Yes, that is what she saw ; so
8lie returned into the hut backwards, and took down
lier needle-work.

[By this we are taught how it was Okikurumi first
caught sight of this beautiful woman with whom he fell
in love. She had been sitting in the hut, and now felt
a little lonesome, restless, or tired. Her eyes had been
wandering about from one object to another with weary
solitude. She gets up, goes outside in an aimless kind
of way, and scans the horizon, which she sees is very
beautiful in its grandeur, the clouds being piled one
upon another in terrace-like masses. She reviews and
returns into her hut. But we are told that she returns
backwards. This is a sign that she was paying great
respect to something or some one outside. The Ainu
say that she was paying respect to the brilliant beauties
of Nature, which she saw depicted upon the heavens ;

EDUCATION 121

hence she came into her hut reverently walking back-
wards. Now, women never pray — never worship any
deities at all ; I therefore venture to think that she was
paying her respects to Okikurumi, whom she saw out-
side.]

Again, she looked to the point of her needle, and
fixed her gaze upon the eye-end thereof.

[That is to say, she paid great attention to her work.]

Then came a Uttle bird, called * water- wagtail,' and
sat upon the window-shutter, and wagged its tail up
and down, and waved it from right to left.

[The water-wagtail is much esteemed by the Ainu,
for they consider it to be a bird of good omen. It is
supposed to be the first bird that was created, and
is thought to be a special favourite and companion
of the gods. Hence it was that this bird was sent
to convey the intelligence of Okikurumi's love-stricken
heart and critical condition to this beautiful and indus-
trious damsel.]

Then two chirps and three chirps came to her, and
touched the inside surface of her ears, and what she
heard was this :

* The mighty Okikurumi, who is the governor of all
Ainu -land, went out of doors for a little while, and,
seeing you, has fallen ill of love on your account.

* And though two bad fish and two good fish were
placed before him for food, he refused to eat.'

[Two good and two bad fish is merely an expression

122 THE AINU OF JAPAN

meaning that whatever food was placed before Yoshitsune
he could not touch it, he was so love-sick.]

' Now, if Okikummi should die, the soul of Ainu-land
will depart/

Then the little bird called 'water-wagtail,' waving
its tail, spake two words to her and said, ' Have mercy
upon us, that Okikurumi may Uve.'

Thus, then, by simply looking out upon the world,
Okikurumi fell so sick of love that though two bad
fish and two good fish were set before him he could
not eat.

Dear, dear, how badly he felt !

Therefore the form of a woman resembling the
goddess was made and sent down to Okikurumi.

The house was set in order ; that woman who was
sent down put things to rights.

Then Okikurumi looked through his sleeve and saw
the beautiful woman.

He got up, greatly rejoicing. He ate some food ;
strength came back to his body, and — the woman was
gone.

Okikurumi saw he had been deceived \ but there was
nothing to be done and nothing to say, so he got well.

[Let everyone take warning from these last words.
Okikurumi was deceived by the mere shadow of a
woman.]

So much, then, for the hero, Kurohonguwan Nima-
moto no Yoshitsime, and his servant, Benkei.

y-f

A r K ■ ^ ^

' . 1. I'r'

CHAPTER IX

THE ARTS AND PLEASURES OF LIFE

Passing from Ainu education, the arts and pleasures of
life demand some attention, and chief among these are
music, dancing, and games. These things, of course, are
not very highly developed amongst such a crude race as '
the Ainu.

Those who belong to Western nations are apt to
suppose that all music must be formed of notes in scale,
with their crescendos and diminuendos. This is the kind
of music to which we have been accustomed from child-'
hood. But the songs and chants of the Ainu do not
run in fixed notes or tones, they are bound to no scale,
so that their airs cannot be written down. In fact, the
Ainu have music without tune. Some of the women
and girls have really rich voices, and it is very pleasant
to hear them hum their songs.

The men and women make up some very pretty
tunes in which to recite their recent acts and experi-
ences. Thus, I have sometimes sat and listened to our
servants when they have returned from Hakodate to
their homes. I have seen them sit for an hour at a

124 THE AINU OF JAPAN

stretch and relate in chant or song that which has
happened to them whilst away : where they have been,
what they have seen, and what they have heard. Their
friends, too, have in the same way made known to them
what has taken place in their midst : what children have
been born, who have died, who have married, how the
fishing and hunting and gardening has gone on, and
all such things. It is very interesting to listen to these
chants, for they give many a peep into the inner work-
ings of the mind, and show a good deal of the true
nature of the Ainu, and their ways of looking at things.

Nor have the Ainu anything that we can call metre,
or verses accurately measured in syllables. KhjTne, too,
is quite unknown, and poetry exists only in the mind ;
and this very often ceases to be poetry when translated
into Japanese or English.

Here are two legends which show the manner in
whicli the Ainu recite or chant their traditions.

AN AINU LEGEND OF A FAMINE

1. There was a woman who was ever sitting by the
window and doing some kind of needle-work or other.

2. In the window of the house there was a large cup
filled to the brim with wine, upon which floated a cere-
monial moustache-lifter,

3. The ceremonial moustache-lifter w^as dancing
about upon the top of the wine-cup.

THE ARTS AND PLEASURES OF UFE 115

4. In explaining the subject from the beginning, and
Betting it forth from the end, the tale runs thus :

5. Now look, do you think that the great God, do
yoQ think that the true God, was blind ?

6. In Ainu-land there waH a great fumijiu, and the
Ainu were dying for want of food : yet with what little
rice-malt and with what little millet they had tliey made
(a cap of) wine.

7- Now, the great God had mercy, antl, in order
that our relatives might eat, produced both deer and
fish.

8. And the gi'eat God had mercy niKiii ub, therefore
He looked upon us, and, in truth, saw that in Ainu-land
there waa a famine, and that the Ainu had nothing tu
eat.

9. Then was that cup of wine emptied into six
lacquer-ware vesBels.

10. In a very little while the scent of the wine filled
the whole house.

11. Therefore were all the gods led in, and the godw
of places were brought from everywhere ;

12. And they were all well pleased with that delicious
wine.

13. Then the goddesses of the rivers and the god-
desses of the mouths of rivers danced back and fortli in
the house.

14. Upon this all the gods laughed with smiles upon
then* faces ;

126 THE AINU OF JAPAN

15. And whilst they looked at the goddesses they
saw them plack oat two hairs from a deer ;

16. And, as it were, blow them over the tops of the
mountains ; then appeared two herds of deer skipping
upon the mountain tops, one of bucks and the other of
does.

17. Then they plucked out two scales from a fish,
and, as it were, blew them over the rivers ; and the beds
of the rivers were so crowded with fish that they scraped
\\\m\ tho stones, and likewise the tops of the rivers were
exceeding crowded.

18. So the things called fish filled all the rivers to
the brim.

19. Then the Ainu went fishing and caused their
boats to dance upon the rivers.

20. The young men now found fish and venison in
rich abuiulanee.

21. Hence it is that Ainu-land is so good. Hence
it is that from ancient times till now there has been
hunting. Hence it is that there are inheritors to this
hunting.

The following curious lines were smig to me by an
aged Ainu, to whom I had just been explaining the
dangers aud evil of drinking too much wine, and to whom
I had been endeavouring to show how much better it is
to worship God in spirit and in truth, than by offering
Him wine and whittled pieces of willow wood. The old

THE ARTS AND PLEASURES OF LIFE 13/

man's object in ainging this tradition to me was to
enforce npon my mind the foot that, notwithstanding all
I had said, the gods vere, at the time of the famine
indicated below, pleased with these offerings, and are
still delighted when the devout worshipper indicates his
sincerity by setting these things before them.

This song, tradition, legend, or whatever it may be
called, is typical of the way in which the Ainu convey
their thoughts on religion and other serious matters to
one another.

1. There was something upon the seas bowing and
raising its head.

2. And when they came to see what it was, they
found it to be a monstrous sea-lion fast asieep, which
they seized and Itrought ashore.

3. Now, when we look at the matter, we find that
there was a famine in Ainu-land.

4. And we see tliat a large sea-lion was cast upon
the shores of the mouth of the Saru river.

5. Thus the Ainu were alilc to eut, i.e. obtained
food.

6. For this reason inno and wine were offered to the
gods.

7. So the gods to whom these offerings were made
nere pleased, and are pleased.

The first and second of these verses are an intro-
ductory statement of the theme. The remote ancestors
of the Ainu race are represented as having seen some

128 THE AINU OF JAPAN

large and curious object floating about upon the tops of
the waves of the sea, and rising and falling with them.
The men, therefore, launch their boats and go and see
what the object may be. They find it is a mighty
8oa-Uon (ahietashbe). They then seize the animal, and,
by some means or other (how it is not stated), bring it
ashore.

The third and fourth verses make known the fact
that at this particular time there was a famine in Ainu-
land, and that the Ainu of to-day, in looking back upon
this sad calamity, see in the sleeping sea-lion the hand
of the gods, working to preserve the race from starvation
and certain destruction. This mighty sea monster is
said to have been cast upon the shores of the mouth of
the Saru river. Saru, it should be remembered, is
regarded by the Ainu of the south of Yezo as the chief
district in this island ; and the ShUhiri'muka is the
largest river in Saru.

Verses six and seven are intended to show that liba-
tions of wine and the offering of iftao have always been
a well-pleasing sacrifice to the gods, and therefore are so
now. They pleased the gods at that time, and that they
please them nofc is seen from the fact that food is still
extended to the Ainu race. Hence one great reason why
such ancient religious customs should not be abolished.
Hence, too, according to Ainu reasoning, this race of
men have no cause to change one form of religion and
its accompanying ceremonies and rites for another.

THE ARTS AND PLEASURES OF LIFE 129

Thus we see that the Ainu, though without knowledge,
are by no means without reason ; nor are they so stupid
and easily led as some people would suppose. \

The Yezo Ainu possess but one musical instrument.
a kind of Jew's-harp made of bamboo. It is not'
used by full-grown people ; but the children are very
fond of playing it. This instrument is about five inches
long, and has a thin narrow tongue up the centre, which
measures about four inches in length and the eighth of
an inch in breadth. A piece of string is attached to the

THE MUKKUBI, OR JEW'S-HABP

butt end of the tongue. This instrument is played by
holding it to the hps in the same way as children in
England hold the Jew's-harp. Then the player breathes
through the space in which the tongue is, and gives the
string a sharp, sudden jerk. The tone produced is regu-
lated by the breath of the player. The Ainu name of
this instrument is mukkuri.

The Karafuto Ainu are said to have a kind of fiddle
with two strings, and another with three, but I have
never seen these.

If there is Uttle to say about Ainu music and musical

ijo THE AINU OF JAPAN

instruments, there is also very little to tell aboat dancing.
Ainu dancing is a senseless performance, quite devoid of
elegance or grace. When the men dance it is called
tapkara; and when the women dance they call it
rimsei. The two principal tapkara, or men*8 dances, are
Jlrot. This they call tonoto hau, i.e. * the voice of wine.'
The second is called chikup hau, i.e. ' the voice of drinking.'
These are dances accompanied by bacchanalian songs,
and the men always require plenty of wine before they
can produce * the voice of wine ! '

The women have four principal dances. These are
called (1) ehoma ; (2) heranne ; (3) ikken-ho-hum ; and
(4) heshh'otoro. The ehoma dance appears to be an
attempt to imitate the movements of some kind of bird,
possibly the heron. The dancers generally form a ring,
and continually call out ehoma in unison. They also
incessantly bend their backs forward, and as far back
as possible when performing this dance. In the dance
called heranne the performers form a ring and join hands,
and, incessantly calling out heranne, continue to bow to
one another, thus bringing their heads nearly together
in the centre of the ring. Ikken-ho-hum consists in
attempting to make oneself look as much like a see-
saw as possible, by bending the back and head forward
and back as far as one can, at the same time calling out
ikken-ho-hum. Ileshkotoro is indescribable, and appears
to be a mixture of all the others, and the word heshko-
toro is called out during the performance.

THE ARTS AND PLEASURES OF UFE 131

The Ainu do not much engage in games. The hard^,
facts of daily life, such as looking out for food to eat
and clothes to wear, take up their time. However, the
people indulge in a game or two sometimes. Both men ^
and boys think a great deal of a game called karip-pashte,
i.e. ' causing the hoop to run.' This amusement appears y
to have been invented in order to teach the children
to spear salmon in the rivers, and is played in this
way:

Suppose twenty boys and men take part, these are
divided into two parties of ten a side, separated from
each other by about twenty steps or yards. Each
individual is armed with a long stick or light pole,
resembling a spear. A strong person, belonging to the
side which leads off, takes a ring or hoop, about six
inches in diameter, roughly made of a piece of vine,
and throws it with all his might to the opposite party,
making it run and bounce along the ground. Those to
whom it is thrown then cast their sticks or spears at it
as it passes them, and endeavour to transfix it to the
earth. If successful they win, and one person from the
other side comes over to theirs. Then the hoop is
thrown back in the same way by a strong arm. And
thus the game continues. When the individuals of one
party are all brought over to the other, the game is
finished, and the opposing sides cross over and begin
again. It is really quite an exciting game, and gives
very good exercise.

I 2

132 , THE AIXU OF JAPAN

The men sometimes indulge in a very ctujoiu game
they call riAvinr. It has the appearance oT a painful
experience rather than a game. It conBists in beating
one another with a war club, and is played thos :

Sonic soft material, such as a coat, is neatly wrapped
round a stick and fastened with a piece of string. Then
one roan exposes his back, and, seizing a post or tree
with his hands, leans forward. A second person takes
the club and proceeds to beat him, apparently with all
his nii;^ht. When the subject has had enough, he calls
out or runs olT. Then a second comes forward and is
operated upon, and a third, and fourth, and so on. He
\vIio has been able to stand the most whacks is the
ehanipion of the day !

Sonn! of the Ainu despise a stick with cloth wrapped
round it ; ihey prefer a l>are war club. These are con-
siilered to b(^ tlie real champions. It is wonderful what
a miniber of strokes some of the men can bear ; some-
times, in fact, blood is drawn from the back ! But there
is a suspicion that the art consists not so much in what
a person can bear, as in the number of stripes a man
can ^ivc. There is a knack in appearing; to hit very
hard, whilst in reality the subject is hardly touched at
all. The operators, when asked about this point, only
look very wise and <;rin, and kindly offer to practise
on the back of the questioner.

• 'J

'35

CHAPTER X

JUSTICE AND :^IARRUGE

The Ainu used to adopt a variety of methods by which
to compel a person to confess a fault or crime. Curious
and very effective methods they were. The following
were the chief :

1. The barbarous hot-water ordeal. A very large v^
cauldron, such as the Japanese use for boiling fish when
they desire to extract the oil for lighting purposes, was
procured. This was filled with cold water and placed
over a blazing fire. As soon as the water was fairly
warm the victim was put into it, as shown in the illus-
tration. Here the person was compelled to remain till
he or she, in the agonies of the moment, made a full
confession. Such an ordeal was never resorted to, we
are informed, unless the judge and people were pretty
well assured of the person's guilt. This ordeal also
constituted one mode of punishment.

2. Another hot-water ordeal consisted in making an
accused person thrust his or her arm into a pan of
boiling water. If afraid to undergo this test, the guilt
of the subject was assumed ; or if, when the arm was

136

THE AINU OF JAPAN

thrust into the water it was scalded, guilt was supposed
to be proved. A person was only declared innocent if
the arm came out uninjured.

8. The hot iron or stone ordeal. This consisted in

merely placing a piece of
hot iron or a heated stone
in the palm of the hand,
and keeping it there tilKy
confession was made. Of
course, if the heated in-
strument did not bum
the hand, a person's in-
nocence was fully esta-
blished.

4. The drinking or-
deal. This consisted in ^/
making a person sit down
before a large tub of
water and remain there
till the whole was drunk.
The mouth was not al-
lowed to be taken away
from the tub. This does
not look so very for-
midable, but the Ainu
say it is most painful. If success followed the attempt
to drink the water, innocence was proved; if not, a
person was supposed to be guilty.

THE HOT- WATER ORDEAL

JUSTICE AND MARRIAGE

137

6. The cap ordeal. This consisted in causing a
person to drink a cap of water. When this was done,
he was made to throw the cup behind him, over his
head. If the cup lighted the right way upwards, the \
innocence of the individual was supposed to be esta-
blished ; if otherwise, he was proved -guilty.

6. Tobacco ordeal. A favourite way of trying
women was to make them smoke several pipes of .
tobacco; and, having

knocked the ashes
out of the pipe into
a cup of water,
compel the woman
to drink it. Those
women who could
smoke the tobacco
and drink the ashes
without feeling ill,
were innocent ; those ~
who could not were,
of course, guilty.

7. The stake ordeal. This consisted in tying a
person to two stakes driven into the earth. The arms
were stretched out to their full extent and tied to the
stakes. Next, the legs were treated in the same manner.
Anyone tied up in this way had to remain there till
confession was made.

Hanging by the hair of the head was sometimes /

THE RTAKE OBDEAL

138 THE AINU OF JAPAN

resorted to as an ordeal. Beating with a thorn bush
was also a favourite method. Bat it should be remarked
that all of these methods were, upon occasion, resorted to
/and inflicted as punishments for crime. Some of these
ordeals were so painful that some Ainu have been known
to commit suicide rather than have the test applied.

Among the Ostj^aks of Siberia it was usual for oaths
to be uttered, to call down future punishment either in
this life or in that to come, and the ordeal an Ostyak
went through when he swore was exceedingly curious.
A bear's head was brought in, that he might bite at it,
and whilst biting it he would call upon the bear to bite
liim in the world to come if he forswore himself, or was
guilty of a charge laid against him. But the Ainu,
who are great bear worshippers, seem to have no such
custom.

In remote times the chief authority was vested in
the head of a family. The husband could do as he
pleased with his wives and children. He could, for
instance, divorce all or any of his wives (the Ainu w-ere
polygamists), or disinherit his children. He could punish
any members of his family as he thought proper. Now,
however — i.e. since each village has established a little
irepublic of its own — a member of a village can do very
; little as an individual. He has to consult with his com-

Ipanions.

How this came to be so can easily be explained.
Suppose any single household to move away from all

O' -. '

^ i ^ ^^, . i -. L-lr

JUSTICE AND MARRIAGE 139

firiends and build a home in the wilds at some distance
from any village. Such a thing has been done by the
Ainu. A single family has often made a new settle-
ment. Such a settlement necessarily commences under
the rule of the father, who, as new huts are built near
him for the accommodation of his sons as they get
married, remains head of the growing clan. Then, as
old age comes on, he retires, and his eldest son more
and more acts in his stead, and at his death naturally
succeeds him as head of the community. Then, in
course of years, as the community increases in numbers,
the whole village naturally desires to have something to
say in any matter affecting any one of them, because
each household is related to every qj^r. A person
could not, therefore, touch any member of his own
family without giving offence to every other individual
in the village. A kind of republican government, for
this reason, became a necessity.

The Ainu consider marriage to be a social and
family arrangement or contract which affects the parties

O- immediately concerned more than anyone else. Hence,
though the parents of a young woman or man desire
them to marry into any particular family, or not to ally
themselves with some other specified party, the young
people may, after hearing the wishes of the parents and
relatives expressed, marry whom they please^ Both the

/ young man- and the brid e^r either oflhem, have a final
y word in flip niq,tt.Ar. In short, the young people do their

MO THE AINU OF JAPAN

own courting and wooing ; and no one grumbles at this
arrangement.

Let us suppose a young couple to have made up their
minds to marry. If the young man made the first pro-
. posal, he aslLs his father and mother to call upon the
parents of his chosen one and try to arrange for a
marriage to take place. If, however, it was the j'oung
woman who did the wooing and courting, she gets her
mother and failier to call upon the parents of her choice.
: If all is well, the marriage takes place at once ; if the
parents will not agree, the young couple take the law
into their own hands, build a hut and become husband
and wife \nthout any ceremony ; and that relation stands
good in Ainu society.

If the young woman or bride, or her parents, have
been the main movers in the business, the bridegi'oom is
removed from his own family to take up his abode close
to the hut of his father-in-law. He is, in fact, adopted.
But if the bridegroom did the wooing, or his parents
were the prime movers, the bride is adopted into his
family. Or, if a woman of one \411age chooses a man
of another, he, if agreeable, goes to live with her ; or, if
a man chooses a woman who resides at a distance, she,
if agreeable, goes to live with him. Persons who marry
in their own \'illages are all called uiriwak, * blood rela-
tions ' ; but those who remove fi'om their homes to be
married into some distant family are called uiritak,
* relation taken away,' or * distant relations.'

JUSTICE AND MARRIAGE 141

r/'^The Ainu consider their daughters to be marriage- y
'/able at about sixteen or seventeen years of age. The

men marry when about nineteen or twenty. The
youngest marriage I have yet seen amongst the Ainu
took place when the bride's age, according to the Japanese

^ register^jiaa-fiixteen years.

The marriage ceremony consists of nothing but the
usual feast of millet or rice cakes and wine, at which
the bride officiates. There the bridegroom's father tells
the father of the bride how happy he is with the arrange-
ment ; likewise" the bride's father tells how proud he is.

^ Then they each give the bridegroom some of their
treasures as heir-looms, and the women give the bride a
few trinkets, such as beads and earrings. Then inao
are made, prayers are said to the dififerent deities, and
the ceremony is finished up with bacchanalian songs
and dances. The wine is provided by the bridegroom,
and the bride and her mother pound the millet and

make the cakes. Of course, the very best embroidered

garments are worn on this occasion.
'"'^ The wife does not take her husband's name, but
■ - j:etams her old one. When not called by her own

maiden name, she is merely called So-and-so's wife ; that

is to say, so long as her husband is living. Should her
^ husband die, she is always known by the name of her

childhood.

It seems to have been an ancient custom, though not

general, to sometimes betroth children. But even in

142 THE AINU OF JAPAN

this case the persons so betrothed were not absolutely
bound to marry. Either of them could, when the time
for marriage arrived, veto the decision of their elders.
But the curious thing about this betrothal was that the
boy and girl exchanged clothes, and, I believe, homes,
until the season for their union came round. Then,
if the parents of the lad were the prime movers in the
betrothal, the young lady remained at his home, but if
otherwise, the bridegroom went to live with the bride's
parents, or at least in her village.

This will not be wondered at in the least when it is
remembered that the Ainu have no surnames. Every
person has but one name, and that is generally given
between the ages of ojie.aud^tiin years, as any particular

trait of character asserts itself, or some circumstance

"■^ —

may suggest. Thus we sometimes hear such names as
these : * The selfisli one,' * The dirty one,' * The good
speaker,' * The stutterer,* * Bird mouthed,' * Deer catcher,'
and so on. Or, again, * Bright,' * Light,' * Thunderer.'
Or, when names are scarce, we sometimes find that
such words as * Pot,' 'Kettle,' * Chop-sticks,' *Ice,' &c.,
have been pitched upon. Thus Miss Pot remains a
Pot, though she should marry a Kettle; and Miss
Stutterer will always remain a Stutterer, though she
becomes the wife of Mr. Good-speaker.

CHAPTER XI

DBER-HUNTINO AND FISHING

rSiALKiNO deer was an occupation much beloved by the
I Ainu ; even the -woiuen used frequently to take part in
\ it when deer were plentiful. But since the introduction
of guns both deer and bearB have become remarkably
N^arce-, ' Many of the people now hardly taste a piece of
bear's flesh or venison from one year's end to the other.
The animals have been immoderately and indiscrimi-
nately killed by Japanese hunters, and, unless something
more is soon done to preserve what few deer now remain
in Yczo, the animals must speedily Ijecome extinct.

,Pog8 were employed in hunting the deer. The
/Ainu used to take the dogs with them in packs, and
1 these were so well trained that they would never attaclt^
, and kill a deer, but stand by and keep it at bay till the
\hunters came up and shot it with their poisoned arrows.
Many deer were also slain by the spring- bows.

The hunters generally carry an instrument with
them on their expeditions with which to decoy deer.
They are called ipakke-tii. These instruments consist of j
a single piece of wood made in a form which very much

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DEER-HUNTING AND FISHING

could they often succeed in catching them in their traps,
or shooting them with their spring-bows ; for these animals
appear to understand these things nearly as well as the

A BPRING-BOW SET

THE SPBINO-BOW

people who set them. Tezo wolves, the Ainu affirm,
never hunt in packs consisting of more than three or
four animals. They are very fierce indeed when attacked

K 2

148 THE AINU OF JAPAN

or wounded, or suffering from hunger ; but will never
attack a human being untefis under great provocation.
7 Ainu hunters have very few traps* but those which
they use are of an odd-fashioned but interesting type.
The spring-bow, used for killing bears and deer, stands
first. This instrument consists of three parts : (1) the
bow ; (2) is a piece of wood which has a slight groove (a)
in the end, and which is placed in the centre (b) of the
bow ; (3) is the trigger, the end of which (r) is so placed
as to hold the bowstring whilst (d), which represents the
top of the trigger, is held down by a piece of string (4).
From this piece of string (4) another long piece of stout
string or rope goes to a tree or pole situated upon the
opposite side of the trail or run.

As soon as an animal, walking along the trail, touches
the string (5), it pulls (4) oflf the trigger (8) and allows
the bowstring to send the arrow into the side of the
intruder, be it man or beast.

The next trap to be described is one that is used for
catching river otters, foxes, racoons, hares, and — when
they are about — wolves. This trap is usually set in the
trails of these animals, so that when they step upon
a small piece of string they let the spring of the trap
loose, and so catch themselves by the leg.

Section (1) is the bow of the trap ; (2) is the main
frame, consisting of a piece of wood split at the end, the
two halves being kept apart by the bar at the bottom (3) ;
(4) is a sliding piece of wood having a notch cut into it

AS OTTBK-TRAP KEADT SET

ISO THE AINU OF JAPAN

(a) in which to place and tie the bowstring. The lower
end of this piece of wood (b) is placed on a slit, nine
inches long, situated above the bar (8), and extending
to it ; (5) is the cock of the trap. A piece of string runs
from the lower bar (8) and passes along under the bow
to the trigger, so that when an animal treads upon the
string it loosens it from the cock, and causes the bar (4)
to come down against (8), where it securely holds the
captive by the leg.

These traps are very powerful, and are pretty certain
to break the leg of any animal that is so unfortunate
as to get caught in one. They are generally secured
to a tree near by, to prevent the animals running off
with them.

The Ainu have various methods of killing rats.
Bows are put up in their runs or trails in the same way
as they are set for bears and deer, only on a smaller
scale. The bears and other large kinds of animals
touch the string connected with the trigger with their
legs, whilst rats always gnaw it asunder. Another way
of rat-catching is to suspend a heavy board over some
meat which has been connected to some light mechanism
for allowing the board to fall when pulled. This is
a very sure way of killing a rat. Another rat-trap
consists merely of an oblong box, with a bow so placed
as to close the Ud so soon as the animal shall pull the
bait which is inside. This trap catches the rat by the
middle, the head being inside the trap and the tail out.

RAT-TRAP (SET)

BAT-TBAP (IN SECTION)

1 52 THE AINU OF JAPAN

Figure (1) shows the top of the trap ahready set up, and
figure (2) shows the string inside the trap to which the
bait is tied.

" Salmon-fishing is a very favourite pursuit of the
[Ainu, and many of the people take great delight in it.
Some of them are very clever at spearing salmon, for
. tliey commence to learn to use the fish-spear very earlv.
I kn(»w a lad only twelve years of age, who would some-
times start off to the river at dayEreak, and return by
eight o'clock with sL\ or eight fine fish.

The spear used by the Ainu for taking salmon
r is called a marek. The ixAe to which this instrument is

A MARBK, OR SALMON-SPEAR

fixed is about eight feet long, and the march is about
eigliteeii inches in length. The hook (1) is of Japanese
make, and is iixed so that, when a fish is struck, the
point enters its flesh and it is drawn over, so as to keep
the fisli between it and the end of the pole (2) ; hence,
the more the fish struggles the tighter the hook holds it,
and the more securely it is held. The string (3) at the
back is made of sea-lion's skin.

When using the marek, the people stand along the
banks of the rivers, or perhaps up to their knees in the

DEER-HUNTING AND FISHING 153

water, aod, when they see a saknon coming along, cast
their spears at it. I have had several attempts at this
work, but could never succeed in striking a fish, being
unable to make out the exact allowance for the refrac-
tive power of water.

About the middle of November and the beginning
of December the Ainu fish by torchlight. One person
holds the lighted torch over the river's bank to attract
the fish, whilst another strikes the unsuspecting creatui
with a marek.

Nets, too, are often used by moonlight with great
success. Whether they thus fish by moonlight out
of preference, or from fear of the Japanese, I cannot
tell ; but the Ainu are not allowed to net fish as they
like, and there are always plenty of people on the watch
for the breakers of the law.

The people used to make a kind of fish-trap they
called uraif but they are no longer allowed to do so.
These urai were generally placed across the rivers near
to the various tributaries. They were made of stakes
driven into the river bed, the spaces between the stakes
being filled in with a kind of wicker-work. This served
as a fence to keep the fish from passing. They were
made in the shape of an arrow-head, and always pointed
down-stream. At the end or point of the arrow-head a
doorway was made, and a kind of square net, which was
made to slip up and down at will, was fitted into it,
whilst over the top was a platform upon which the

»54

THE AINU OF JAPAN

fisherman sat. The top bar of the net was allowed to
rest in a notch left in the door-posts for its reception,
whilst the bottom part» to which the handle was attached,
rested upon the bed of the river* As soon as a fish was
seen to enter the net, the person upon the platform drew
the lower i)ortion of the net up till it met the upper ;
and thus the fish was caught. Various other little

A SPEAJt U8ED TO CATCH PIKK

wicker-work traps are atill baited and placed along the
streams for the smaller fry.

Trout and pike arc caught with a si)ear called
chininifna})^ or ajyniniap. Tlie handle of this spear is
about eight or nine feet long, and when fitted up ready
for use it is fully ten feet in length. As will be seen
from the figure (1), this spear has two heads to it, which
are fastened to the pole by means of string. These

DEER-HUNTING AND FISHING 155

heads (2) are barbed, and consist of two parts — an iron
point (8) and a bone foundation (2). As soon as a fish
is struck with this spear, the barbed heads come off the
points of the pole (4), but the fish is secured by means
of the strings (5) which are attached to the spear-heads
and back part of the shaft or pole. Figure (6) represents
a bait or decoy which is drawn along the bottom of the
river. This bait is nothing but a piece of iron wrapped
up in blue material boimd on with white bark. At the
end of this is a piece of white bone (a), two inches long,
which is furnished with a tail {h) made of pieces of bark
and a red piece of cloth. The fish are speared whilst
following this bait or decoy.

Harpoons used in catching sharks, sea-lions, and /
swordfishes are like those shown at (2).

There is a fishing tradition concerning the great
hero Yoshitsune which contains some matters of in-
terest.

Okokurumi (i.e. Yoshitsune) and Samai (i.e. Benkei^
Yoshitsune's henchman) came to harpoon the swordfish.
And we waited for them at the fishing-place.

[The Ainu interpret this by saying that the ancients
took their boats and went to the point where the fishing
was to commence. Their motive was to see beforehand
where the best fish might be caught, and to return more
successful than their Japanese friends.]

When they came they effectually harpooned a large
fish.

156 THE AINU OF JAPAN

[Toshitsune caught a fish ; but the Ainu, though
wishing to parade their skill, caught nothing.]

From this i)oint the fish went from one end of the
sea to the other, taking the boat with it. Now Samai
collapsed for want of strength.

[Upon harpooning the fish, the boat, being fastened
to the end of the harpoon line, was dragged out to sea,
and Benkei was either drawn overboard with the line, or
was killed in some other way.]

Upon this Okikurumi put forth all his strength and
wrought with the grunt of a young man.

[i.e. He worked very hard.]

Then there arose upon the palms of his hands two
blood-stained blisters. And with temper depicted upon
bis countenance he said :

* Oh, this bad swordfish ! As you are doing this, I will
cut the harpoon line :

* And l)ccau8e upon the harpoon head there is metal,
you shall greatly suffer from the noise of striking iron
and grinding bones in your stomach ;

* Because the line is made of hemp, a plain of hemp
shall grow out of thee ;

* Because the rope is made of nipesh, a nipesh forest
shall grow from thy back ;

* And when you die you shall be cast into the mouth
of the Shi-shiri-muka river, and crows and many kinds
of dogs shall congregate upon thee and defile thee.'

[Thus Yoshitsune curses the poor fish.]

DEER-HUNTING AND FISHING 157

Now, though the swordfish said it understood, and
thought it was Ainu that was spoken, yet it secretly
laughed and went its way. But before it had gone far
mighty pains seized it, and in its stomach was heard the
sound of strikmg iron and of grinding bones. And
plains of hemp and forests of nipesh and shiuri sprout-
ing forth from its body, it was cast ashore in a dying
state.

Then the dogs and crows congregated upon it and
defiled it.

Upon this Okikurumi came down from the mountains
and said :

* Oh, you bad swordfish ! it is by your own fault and
for your own doings that you are thus punished.

• Your lower jaw shall be used in the out-house, and
your upper one shall be sunk with a stone, and you must
die a very hard and painful death.'

Do not treat this Ainu tale of the swordfish slight-
ingly.

[Thus did Yoshitsune's curse take eflFect.]

158 THE AINU OF JAPAN

CHAPTER XII

BEAR-HUNTINO

/ The Ainu consider bear-hunting the most manly, ex-
citing, and useful way in which a person can possibly
spend his time. It was certainly a very brave act to go
and attack a bear with the very poor weapons the Ainu
formerly used, and it must have been very exciting.
Think, for instance, of attacking a she-bear, which had
her cubs with her, with nothing but a long knife and
a bow and a few arrows ! It is quite true the arrows
were poisoned, but the poison takes time before its effects
are felt ; and to wound a bear is no small matter at the
best of times. Even a good shot, with a trustworthy
rifle, a steady aim, and a cool head and heart, runs a
great deal of risk in following a bear.

The Ainu feel that a bear-hunt is a great and serious
undertaking, and before they set out they always have a
meeting of the elders of their village, for the purpose of
Asking the favour of the gods. They ask the gods of
the mountams to bring them upon the track of the
game ; they ask the goddess of the rivers to carry them
safely over the ferries ; they ask the goddesses of the

spring's to nourish them when they drink ; and they ])eg
the goddess of fire to comfort them, keep them from
sickness, cook their food, dry their clothes, and warm
their bodies. And, wherever they rest upon their
jonmey, they never forget to worship and ask the favour
of the local deities.

The Ainu say that the Yezo bears spend their
winters in holes and caves, and that when they first
come out in the spring their feet are very tender, so that
they cannot move far away from their winter home.
They do not, however, remain all this time in a torpid
state, because they come out of their holes quite fat in the
spring. Some say they store up fish and vegetables in
their dens, and devour them in the winter ; others that
they eat earth ; and others that, before they go into their
dens in the autumn, they scratch open ants' nests and
trample on the insects, thus causing thick layers of ants
and their eggs, all mashed up together, to adhere to
their four feet. They lick these during the winter
months, and so keep themselves alive and fat.

^arly"spring, when the snow is quite hard,

sj^ that a person can easily walk upon it, the Ainu take

leir dogs and go to see if they can find a bear's den.

^The dens are recognised by a slight discoloration of the

surface of the snow, in the centre of which a small

hole is to be seen. This is caused by the warm breath

le animal inside. If successful, prayers are said,

the snow is cleared away, and long sticks poked into the

i6o THE AINU OF JAPAN

den to try and drive the bear out ; the dogs, too, are set
to worry the beast. Sometimes the bear comes oat and
is shot, but at others it refuses to stir.

If neither sticks nor worrying dogs can stir the
beast, a fire is lighted over the mouth of the cave, and
smoke is tried. This is said to be generally successful,
but not always.

Some bear-hunters say that bruin absolutely refuses
to kill anything in its own den. Therefore, if a bear
will not come out when requested, in the ways above
mentioned, a brave Ainu ties liis head and face up,
leaving only his eyes exposed, hands his bow and arrows
to his friends, and, with his huntiog-knife firmly fixed
in his girdle, makes a call upon the bear in its home.
Tlie animal gets so angry and surprised at this that it
unceremoniously seizes the intruder with its paws, and
hastily thrusts him behind its back. The Ainu now
draws his knife and pricks the beast behind, and this is
said to make it take its departure. Of course, as soon
as the animal gets outside, a few poisoned arrows are
sent into its body. '

This is the critical and dangerous moment; for the
bear, now in pain and full of wrath, furiously attacks its
enemies. If it comes to very close quarters with a man,
and stands upon its haunches ready to strike him, this
is considered to be a golden opportunity ; for the man
throws aside his bow and arrows, and, drawing his knife,
rushes into the animal's embrace and thrusts the knife

BEAR-HUNTING i6i

home into its heart. This kills the beast iu a moment.
Bat the man who does this hardly ever gets ofif free ; he
is pretty sure to get scratched, sometimes very severely,
and some, we are told, have been nearly scalped and
killed in this way.

It is not always that a man can be found brave or
rash enough to run into a bear's embrace. Some of the
hunters carry spears with them ; but they do not attack
the animals with such things, because they say they are
so quick as to be able nearly always to parry a thrust
or blow with their fore-paws. A spear-man waits to be
attacked by bruin. He keeps the point of his spear
covered with a piece of cloth under his arm, and when
the animal, standing upon its hind legs, makes a rush
at him, he merely steps back a pace, and allows it to
fall on of itself.

An Ainu, whose brother was the great bear-hunter
of the district in which he lives, told the writer that
some bears will not even touch a man when he enters
their dens — especially if it is in the middle of winter.
At this time men have gone into dens where, on
account of the great darkness, they have had to feel
with their hands to see where the bear lies, and, having
found it, speared it and left it there to die. Others
have gone into caves with torches and killed the
beasts. This seems to prove that Yezo bears are
in a more or less torpid state, at any rate, during
part of the winter ; and yet it requires a good nerve to

i6a THE AINU OF JAPAN

enter a bear's den when tEe master or mistress is at
home.

When a bear Juts been killed the Ainu sit down and
admire it, and make theirSa^asmffto^ItTr Then they skin
it and cut it up, taking great care to do away with all
the pieces that have been touched by the poison of the
arrows. They are careful, too, not to allow the dogs to
get the heart, for that is more affected by the poison
than any other part. When the skinning is finished,
the head is ^ftfinrafflfl wifh^ i»^^ «^n<? th^^nksa re offered^^
to the gods for rendering them successful.

The bear is divided as follows. The man who kills
the animal takes the whole head, the breast, and the
viscera as his special property. \Vhen the skin and gall
are sold he also gets a little more money than the other
hunters. The body of the animal is divided equally
amongnt them all. When the fortunate hunters return
home to their village, a great feast is made, and the old
men come in and make a great many religious symbols,
and thank and praise the various deities for going with
their brave young men and bringing them home safely.
Then they commence to extol the bravery of the success-
ful hunters, and ask for a full description of the hunt.

This is the great time of the feast, for the hunters act
the whole hunt over again in words before the assembled
and admiring guests. But if a hunter should have
been killed, the affau- is turned into a feast of mom-nmg.
The following is a story of a bear-hunt, originally

BEAR-HUNTING 163

written in Kana, with a Japanese translation in parallel
columns, and may be found in a Japanese work called
Ezo fxizoku, i san, Bk. ii., Vol. V., p. 10. The trans-
lation here given is by Prof. Chamberlain, and published
in Pt. I., Vol. XV., The Transactions of the Asiatic
Society of Japan,

* Methinks it must have been some five years ago, in
the middle of the eleventh month, on a day when the
snow was falling fast, that with my neighbours, Usaragi
of Mopet, Satonshige of Hashnaush, Yayokguru of
Noyaush, Gomeki of Shimooi, Itarasara of Ush, and
Pinakoro of Sakpet, altogether a company of six men,
we came to the house of Megayuki, at Osarapet, and
sat down to talk by the lighted fire. And when we had
gone in there, and the talk was becoming Hvely, Sambas
came in from next door, and likewise his younger
brother, Esharon, came in to talk. And so we spent
the rest of that day in Megayuki's house.

'Now, though the days are short, the nights are
long. So we stayed quietly, having pleasant talk ; and
I fell asleep at last along with the rest, as the fire burnt
low. But afterwards I woke from the cold, and, on
looking round, saw that Megayuki's little three-year-
old child, Kio, had crept to the edge of the hearth, and
was sleeping there; and fearful that it might hurt
itself if it fell in, I stretched out my hand and pushed
the chUd under its father's arm. But it woke at once,
and began to cry, so that I knew not what to do.

L 2

i64 THE AINU OF JAPAN

* The child's crying wakened all the other men. 80
the fire was relit, and we fell to talking again, as the
snow was piled up ever higher and higher, and all was
desolate without. Then we consulted together, saying,
** If the snow leaves off to-morrow, we will go bear-
hunting/* And we waited for the day to dawn ; and all
were glad at the prospect of fine weather to-morrow,
because the snowflakes were falling as big as hares.
'' Come along, we'll boil the rice," said our host ; and
with these words he took out of the rice-bag, which he
had received in barter from the Japanese the year
before, enough for nine men's rations for a day. He
brought forth also some dried salmon, which he had in
store, and broiled some dried salmon-trout. Then we
all ate a meal, and after it started ofif to the mountains
behind Mopet and Osarapet.

* While we were on the way, the snow left off falling
and the wind blowing, so that we climbed the mountain
with joy, and cleared away the snow in seven places
beneath the rocks, where we set our spring-bows in
order, trimmed our poisoned arrows, and baited the
places with dried salmon-trout, saying to ourselves,
** Now, all we have to do is to wait for the bear to come."
Then we huddled together.

' But the cold, which we had not felt while climbing
the mountain-side and working, became unbearable as
we stood quiet. The breath from each man's mouth
froze, and hung like icicles from his moustache. Our

BEAR-HUNTING 165

hands and feet were numb with cold." The snow on our
heads had frozen into balls among our hair, and hurt
our heads so that we could noi stand it. So we all
took counsel together, and cHmbed up a peak, where we
collected dead wood, and kindled a fire, and warmed
ourselves awhile. At last tlie sun rose, making our
bodies feel more comfortable; and five of us — Yayokguru,
Gomeki, Pinakoro, Esharon, and Itarasara — in order to
disturb the bears, were told off to wait in a shelter
under the rocks. So they separated from the others,
and hid in a shelter under the rocks. As for the other
four, Megayuki took the lead, telling the rest to follow
him ; and they divided up, and searched every hole and
thicket. But the bears were hiding deep down, on
account of the cold. So the men were of various
opinions as to whether it were best to go in and drive
them out, or to kindle a fire at the entrance and smoke
them out. But I thought of a plan, which was to cut
the branch of a tree and push it into the bears' den,
and then to hide and wait quietly, to see what would
happen.

* So, as we watched, there came two bears out of
the den, with the branch in their mouths to throw it
out. And, as we pelted them with branches of trees
and with stones, they became furious, and made as if
to come against us, growling fiercely twice or thrice, but
merely shook themselves, and retired into their den
again. We all burst out laughing, and, drawing nigh

166 THE AINU OF JAPAN

again, pushed the. branch in fhe den, and again
retreated and watched. This time three bears came
out with the branch in their mouths. So again we
pelted them with stones and other things, and two
of the bears ran back again into the cave. But one
of them, more furious than ever, espied the place where
we all were, and made for us with a tremendous
growl

' One and all, we fled in confusion. But what with
the deep snow and our numb hands and feet, we did not
care to run far. So some of us climbed trees, and some
faced the bear with hatchets and with axes. Again it
went back into its den. " Oh ! oh ! " cried we, " 'tis a
pity. If only we had driven it back at once, it would
not have gone in.** So again we tried all sorts of means
to anger the bears ; whereupon the one that had come
out first of all appeared again to attack us. But we,
being prepared for it, came round on it in a body from
behind, and tried to drive it to the spot where the
poisoned arrows were fixed. But it would not go there,
for all our driving ; and at last, as we rushed hither and
thither amidst the snow, and under the shadow of the
rocks, it disappeared from our sight.

* We were now at our wits' end, and all our consul-
tation, all our search, was in vain. There was nothing
more to be done with that bear. So off we went to
another den, distributing our men in the way most
likely to drive out another bear. This lasted for some

BEAR'HUNTING 167

time. The place being one famous for its bears, a
large bear was next suddenly driven out, and was seen
to be a she-bear. Gently did we draw nigh to her
from afar, and pleasant was the driving of her towards
the spot where our spring-bows lay stretched. The
bear was perhaps hungry, but she was sly too, and
it took long to get her to the spot where lay the bait of
salmon-trout. At last she put her paw upon it. The
bowstring twanged, and the arrow struck her in the
loins. Instantly she started with aflEright, became
furious, rushed round and round in the snow, biting
stones and trees to pieces in her pain.

* Meantime it was for us, who had climbed trees and
hidden behind rocks, to let her rage as long as possible,
and not to draw nigh and kill her until she should be
nearly tired out. But Pinakoro, one of the five who had
hidden behind the rocks, showed himself too soon. The
wounded beast espied him, pursued him with frenzy,
crunched him with a single crunch, and Pinakoro fell to
the ground before the rest of us, with diificulty, could
reach the place. Ah ! 'twas indeed too cruel a sight.
The bear, too, that had been so mighty, gradually lost
her strength, and now falling down, now getting on her
legs again and trying to escape. So, while three of the
men stayed with Pinakoro, the other six surrounded and
attacked the bear, which, great strong she-bear that she
was, was soon struck and killed. Great was the joy of
all of us as we gathered together ; but the sad part of it

i68 THE AINU OF JAPAN

wa6 poor Pinakoro*8 deaib. Hib hreoth waa gqne, and
would not oome back, far all fhat we lifted him np and
pressed him in onr arm& 'Twaa piteona to see his wonnds.
He had been bitten in the arm, and the bone had been
broken. There were two womids in hia back, one in
the neck, one in the knee. Oh ! how oold it was ! And
the sadness which filled oar eyes with tears at witness-
ing his lamentable end left ns no appetite for oor midday
meal. So our company all brought the bear home,
three of them carrying Pinakoro's corpse; and we all
returned to Megayuki's house, where to buy the corpse
was the first thing we did. How sorry, too, could we
not but be for Earinki, his weeping widow !

' However, leaving that aside, we skinned the bear,
took out its liver, cut the flesh up, and carried part of it
to the Japanese office, getting food and rice beer in re-
turn. Then we invited all the Ainu of the neighbour-
hood, and treated them to the prize we had found in the
snow. All through that day, and on into the night, all
was feasting and merriment. But, in the midst of our
revels, suddenly there rose up before us the recollection
of dead Finakoro — of how he had been in health till noon
of this very day — of how, if things had not happened
so, he would have been drinking with us at that very
moment. Then, as there came over us the thought of
his widow Karinki's woe, the rice beer and the bear's
flesh lost their delicious savour. The absence of that
one man from the feast made it taste nasty to all the

BEAR-HUNTING 169

rest ; and we fell a-talking together, and there was not
one of us but wept. There is no joy in a feast without
noise. Our talk turned to the subject of death — of how
the father of such-and-such an one had been eaten at
such-and-such a time — of how So-and-so's child had died
at such another time. At last the day dawned, and
first one left, then another, till at last none remained
but we companions of to-day. Such is the way of the
world. So the joyous feast succeeds sorrow, and even
this is now an old story.'

The poison the Ainu formerly used upon their
arrows (it is now forbidden by the Japanese Govern-
ment) was made from the roots of aconite plants er
* monksh©©d*l The roots were dug up in the spring and
peeled, and put in the sun to dry. When they were
thoroughly dried, the Ainu ground them to powder
between two stones. They then soaked some tobacco
and capsicums in water. When this was well soaked
they moistened the powdered aconite with the liquor,
addi ng thor (gtQ— a-littte-foxes'-gall. It was then again
put to dry, and again wetted with the liquor ; but this
time some of the hunters added a poisonous kind of spider/
Some of them used to bury the poison for a few days,
but others did not do so. When an Ainu wished to
know whether his poison was good or not, he applied a
minute particle to his tongue. If good, it was said to
quickly produce a peculiar sense of tingling and numb-
ness; but care had to be exercised in tasting poison.

I70

THE AINU OF JAPAN

lest, by taking too maoh, a peraon ahoold sooeiiiiib from
the effects* Too much was said to prodnoe dmnken-
ness and sleep, from which it was Tery diflBcolt to arouse
a person. No grease (nr fat of any kind was nsed to
keep the poison moist, for it did not need it.

The arrows used to carry poison were made in three
parts or sections. Thearrowhead (1) ismadeof bamboo.
It is two inches long. Figure (a) represents the inside

A POISONED ARROW

of the head scooped out bo as to hold the poison. It is
capable of holding a good lump of the aconite. Figure
(&) represents the back of the arrow head ; but no poison
is put on this part of the arrow. (2) represents the
piece of bone into which the arrow head is fixed, and
(8) is the reed shaft of the arrow ; while (4) shows the
arrow fitted up ready for use, but without the poison.

When a person appUes the poison to his arrows, he
first dips the head into some pine-tree gum ; then he

BEAR'HUNTING 171

carefully sticks the poison on, and flattens it down with
his thumb, and again dips it into the gum. The use of
the gum is to cause the poison to remain firmly in the
arrow head. These poisoned arrows were used, not only
for bears, but also for deer and other kinds of animals.

The bows the Ainu used in hunting were very
powerful, though they look poor, weak instruments. I
have in my collection of Ainu instruments a bow that
is just forty-seven inches long, and is made of yew,
having a strip of cherry bark entwined round it.

The Ainu often used to set spring-bows in the trail
of bears. Bears are said to always snatch an arrow out
of themselves when they are hit, but the poisoned arrow
heads being barbed remain under the skin, so that there
is no escape or remedy. The Ainu aver that any
animal which has been shot in this way is certain to be
found within a very short distance of the spring-bow.

Another way of killing bears was to dig a deep pit in
their trail, cover the top over with rotten wood and
leaves, and hang a piece of fish or venison over it as a
bait. Of course, when an animal fell into the pit, it was
killed easily enough.

Ainu bear-hunters are very proud if they can secure
a bear cub or two, to bring up at home, for the purpose
of having a great feast. Men have been known to risk
their lives in order to secure one, and when they do
catch a cub, they bring it home with great glee, and, of
course, get very drunk in honour of the occasion. Some-

172

THE Amu OF JAPAN

times very young oaba may be seen living inJhalmte
with the people, where they play with the gh fldren, a nd
are cared for with great affeotian. In fiiet, some of the
bear cubs are treated even better tha n the chi ldren
themselves. Bat as soon as the cubs grow Ing.uid
strong enongh to cause a little pain when they hug a
person, or when their claws are too powerfol, they are

placed in a eage^
strongly made of
thick pieces of tim-
ber. Here they
remain nntil they
arrive at the age of
two or three years,
at which time they
are killed for the
feast.

There are per-
sons who assert
that these bear
cubs are brought up by the women in the same way as
children ; but this is not true.

The opinion has received so much credence because
many persons who have written about the Ainu race
have, for some reason or other, either passed the subject
over without a word of denial or explanation, thereby
appearing to give assent thereto, or else they have stated
it to be a fact. But no one — that I am aware of — ^has

i tf I -jiyi.! ' ^ * ^. 7"

^/»»

A REAR CAGE

BEAR'HUNTING 173

ever seen an Ainu woman nursing a bear's cub.
During five years' sojourn amongst, and almost daily
intercourse with, them — living with them in their own
huts— I have never once witnessed anything of the
sort, nor can I find a single Ainu man or woman who
has seen it done.

Bears' cubs are very seldom taken so young that
they cannot lap water, and when a dish of millet and
fish boiled into a soft pap is placed before the cub, it
soon learns to feed itself. They never care to starve for
more than a day or two. With those, therefore, that
can lap (which is by far the greater proportion) no diffi-
culty is experienced. The only inconvenience arises
from the great noise they make in crying for their
mother. This nuisance is soon cured, for the owner of
the cub takes it to his bosom, and allows it to sleep with
him for a few nights, thus dispelling its fears and
loneliness.

When a cub is taken so young that it cannot even
lap its food, it is fed from the hand and mouth, not
from the human breast. Sometimes small portions of
fish, or a little millet (often both mixed) are chewed by
a person, and thrust little by little into the animal's
mouth, and it is thus made to swallow. At other times
millet is made into a kind of batter, or very thin paste,
a mouthful of which is taken by a man or woman, and
the cub allowed to suck it from the lips, which it will
readily do. In fact, it is at first fed in much the same

174 THE AINU OF JAPAN

way as bojB in Europe faed young buds. The next
step is to teaoh the animal to lap from the hand, whieh
is also soon accomplished ; then it leams to take its food
from a wooden tray.

However, it is possible that a woman may occasionally
have been found strong-minded enough to take a very
young cub— that is, one whose eyes are not yet open —
to her breast, once a day, for a day or two, and at the
same time feed it from the hand and mouth in the
manner above stated. Such women must be very scarce
indeed, as also is the occasion for them. I have often
seen the cubs of bears brought up by hand ; but have
never seen one nursed by a woman.

No doubt the Ainu are very low in the scale of
humanity, and have some barbarous manners and
customs; but their barbarity has been exaggerated,
just as their stupidity has been taken too much for
granted.

When a young bear is about to be sacrificed in a
feast, the day before this cruel and barbarous feast takes
place, the owner of the cub sends round to all the people
of bis village and invites them to come and take part
in the sacrifice. He also invites guests from distant
villages, and they are pretty certain to come, as there
will be a chance of getting intoxicated. The men, par-
ticularly the old ones, will come with crowns upon their
heads. These are made of the sacred willow shavings,
and have an ornament representing a bear's head in

BEAR-HUNTING

froat. All of them, both yoimg and old, put on their
very best embroidered clothes, wash themselves, have
their h&ir cut, whiskers trimmed, and foreheads and
necks shaved for the occasion. The women and children
too come, looking quite clean and well decorated. The
women put on their earrings, bracelets, and beads ; they
touch up their tattoo marks,
and don a new head-dress or
bonnet.

As the guests arrive, they
enter the hut, and sit round
the fire, the men in front and
the women behind. Millet cakes
boiled are handed round, and
wine is drunk. The women get
what wine their husbands choose
to give them, which, I have
noticed, is sometimes very little

indeed. But this is not the real feast ; it is merely the
beginning.

When the guests have all arrived, numbers of ijkw
ai'c made and stuck in the heairtb ; then the goddess of
fire is requested to take them to the different gods, and
let them know that the Ainu are about to sacrifice a
bear. When this is done, the i'uio are carried to the
nusa, place outside the hut, and there stuck up, and two
long poles are laid down at their base.

When these preparations are completed, another

WN WORN AT f

176 THE AINU OF JAPAN

Ainn goes to the besr, end* dttiiig down before it,
it that it is about to be sent to its forefitthers. He
craves pardon for what they are about to do» hopes it
won't be angry, and eomforts it with the consolaticm
that large numbers of vmo and plenty of wine will be
sent along with it.

Then another Ainu goes to the bear's cage» and
catches the victim's head in a rope having a noose in
it. The noose is made to pass round the neck and under
the foreleg, so as not to choke the animal when it

BLUNT ABB0W8

^jx^na^^yyA

xsvicc?>c»^c>c

struggles. Another noose is then made in another rope,
and this is passed over the head in the same way,
cxceptmg that the end of the rope comes out on the
opjwsite side of the bear ; thus, when the bear comes
out of the cage, it is led along by two men, one on each
side of it.

Then the ancients of the people form a ring and sit
down, whilst the younger people stand, and try to work
the bear up into a passion. The two men lead the poor
animal round and round the ring whilst the people shoot
at it with blunt arrows. The shouting of the people is

nEAR-llUXTIXC 177

quite deafening, and the rage of tlie l)car furiou'^. Wien
the animal shows signs of exhaustion, a stake is driven
into the ground in the centre of the ring, and it is tied
to it. Now blunt arrows are shot at it with double
vigour, and the poor animal tears and rages till tho-
roughly tired out.

Then comes the test of valour and bravery. All at
once some brave yoimg Ainu will rush forward and seize
the poor brute by the ears and fur of the face, whilst
another suddenly rushes out and seizes it by the hind-
quarters. These men both pull at the animal with all
their might. This causes the animal to open its mouth.
Then another man rushes forward with a round piece of
wood about two feet long ; this he thrusts into the bear's
mouth. The poor beast, in its rage, bites hard at this,
and holds it tight between its teeth. Next, two men
come forward, one on each side of the bear, and seize
its fore-legs and pull them out as far as they can. Then
two others will, in a like manner, catch hold of the two
hind-legs. When all this has been done quite satis-
factorily, the two long poles which were laid by the
nusa are brought forward. One is placed under its
throat, and the other upon the nape of its neck.
Now all the people rush forward, each eager to help
squeeze the poor animal till it dies. And so the poor
beast is choked to death. It is indeed a brutal
scene.

As soon as the animal is dead, it is skinned and cut

i7«

mS AINU OFJJlPAN

up ; bat H hu to be carried into the hnt wid laid before
the east window for two or three days before it is
eaten. Dnring all these daya eome of the men are
dead drank. Bat enoogh of this revolting craelty and
debauchery.

179

CHAPTER XIII

AINU FATHERLAND AND GOVERNMENT

According to some of the Ainu traditions, the ancients,
wherever they originally came from, made Piratori
their capital, upon their arrival in Yezo. Thence they
gradually separated, some going one way and some
another. Wherever they went they met the Korapok
guru, or * dwarfs,' whom they fought with their war-clubs
and spears, and eventually exterminated.

An ancient Ainu war-club is in my collection of Ainu
implements. It is made of yew, and is about two feet
long. It is very strong, and weighs a little over one
pound.

The handle measures three inches in circumference,
and the club end seven inches and a half. The front
part of the club has notches cut six inches down its face,
whilst on the back of it a hole has been cut seven inches
long, one wide, and three-quarters deep, in which to put
a stone or some other heavy substance to render the
instrument more weighty. It would prove no mean
weapon in the hands of an expert.

All the Ainu do not claim Piratori as their capital.

M 2

i8o

THE AINU OF JAPAN

The Northern Ainu pomt to Apaahiri as their ehief
dty; the EaBam Ainu to Aflsnra, and the Ishkari
Ainu to lahkari; bnt the Sonthem Ainu, particularly
those of Moruran, Ubo, Apata and Tnrap, say that
their ancestors came from Piratori and other places in

ANOIBNT WAR-CLUB, SHOWING
PLA.CB FOB THE 8T0NB

ANOIBNT WAB-OLUB

Sara. Some say that their forefathers came down from
the north, others that they were driven from the south
l^y the Japanese ; but all say that the ancients formerly
inhabited Japan.

The Ainu do not stand alone in this diversity of

AINU FATHERLAND AND GOVERNMENT i8i

opinion as to their original fatherland, for some persons
\vho are not of this race imagine that the Ainu are |
of southern origin. Others have brought the extreme
hairiness of the Ainu into court to show that they must
be of Aryan descent. Those Ainu who speak of the
north as their former home point to the profusion of
their hair as a proof of their northern origin ; * For why
so much hair/ say they, ' and that over our whole
bodies, unless we originally came from a cold country ? '
Certain it is that many of the Ainu customs resemble
those of the inhabitants of parts of Siberia.

Nowhere in the south, for instance, do we find bear- j
worshippers; but we do in the north. Again, some of
the oldest Ainu tell us that their ancestors came from
a country which they designate Nitai saky chikap sak
moshiri — i.e. * a land without forests or birds ' — a land

say they, which is very cold indeed, and has much ice
and snow in it. The names of the Kurile Islands,
Saghalien, and Kamschatka are of Ainu origin. It is
pretty clear also that the Ainu formerly had dealings
with the Eussians, whom they called Kushikai, and the
Manchurians, whom they knew by the name Manchu.

Piratori certainly was once the chief place in Southern
Yezo, and the head of that place or town was held
in special dread and was particularly revered. His word
was final upon any subject. He was always consulted
before any great undertaking was entered upon, and he
held the post of commander-in-chief during war. When

i82 THE AINU OF JAPAN

tradings the ehief of Sam uaed to take his men and sail
thence to Saghalien and Manohoria mth skms and fish,
and return mth many necessaries of life, as well as
ornaments, for his people*

In later times, trade with northern coontries has
been broken off, and barter has been carried on with
the Japanese in Japan; and, still later, since the
Japanese poshed their way into Tezo, Hakodate and
Matsumaye, in this island, have been the chief centres
of trade by barter.

The Aina traded with the Manchurians when they
were at war with the Japanese, and with the Japanese
only since they were subjugated by them. Manchurian
cash is the only relic of Manchuria to be found amongst
the Ainu of the present day. Siberian dog-sleighs and
canoes, made of seal and sea-lion skins, and which were
used in trading with Manchuria, may still be seen in the
Eurile Islands and Saghalien. Specimens of these are
to be seen in the Hakodate museum.

It is hardly credible that the ancient Ainu could
have travelled far for the purposes of war, though
their sons would have us believe that they visited many
distant lands with this intent, because their canoes
could not stand even a moderately rough sea, and we
have never seen or heard of any stronger sea-going
craft. The river canoes or dug-outs could never have
been used for warlike purposes. Ancient Ainu wars
must then have been waged with very near countries.

AINU FATHERLAND AND GOVERNMENT i8s

The illustration represents a canoe brought from
Shekotan in the Eurile Islands, and which is now in the
Hakodate museum. It is twenty-one feet long, and one
foot ten inches wide at the top, and is paddled along by
three persons. It is made of the skin of a sea-Uon.
Such canoes were used principally for fishing, and there is
in the museum the model of a canoe with two fishermen
in it, preparing to harpoon a walrus or sea-lion. We
cannot beUeve that such light vessels could have been
used for fighting. When the men are paddling these

A DOG-SLEIQU

canoes along, they always tie a piece of skin, which is
securely fixed to the hole they sit in, tightly round their
waist. This is to keep the water from getting inside
and swamping them.

Nor were such boats used for trade purposes, for
they could not possibly carry any cargo. But in trading,
especially with the people of the north, dog-sleighs
were used. Two kinds of dog-sleighs which were
formerly used in the Kurile Islands may possibly
represent those used in ancient times by the Ainu of
Yezo. The first is four feet four inches long and thirteen

i86

THE AINU OF fAPAN

inchee broad. It seeniB to have been designed fin: cany-
ing food or artiolee of merohandiBe.

The other appears to have been intended for
passenger transit. The runners are five feet six inches
long, bat the seat for the passenger is only two
feet seven inches in length, and eif^t inches broad.
One wonders how a person could possibly keep from
falling over when travelling in such a small conveyance,
but the passenger used to travel with his feet over the

A SLEDGE

Hides of the sleigh. He was shod with immense sandals
or snow-shoes, so that he could not only prevent himself
from being capsized, but could also assist the dogs in
pulling when necessary. Of course these sleighs were
drawn by reindeer further north.

These snow-shoes are somewhat clumsy-looking
things, as the following picture will show. Each shoe
consists of a single piece of wood neatly covered over with
seal-skin. Their dimensions are five feet seven inches

AINU FATHERLAND AND GOVERNMENT 187

ill length, and seven inches and a half in breadth. They
are fastened to the feet by means y)f a skin thong.

According to ancient traditions and certain customs,
which are still more or less adhered to and practised by
the people, the Ainu never had a monarchy, but always
divided the government amongst the inhabitants of the ,
separate villages, thus making each village a kind or
independent republican state. The elders of each village
assembled, we are informed, and chose a chief and two
sub-chiefs to look after the affairs of the people. The
principal chief or, in case of his absence, one of the sub-

A SNOW-SHOE

chiefs, was always supposed to be present at a funeral to
bury the dead, or at marriages to ratify the marriage
covenant by his assent, and to cheer the young couple
with his good wishes. The chiefs, together with the
people, made the laws and sat in judgment upon the
law-breakers. It was the duty of the principal chief to
lead the people to hunt and to fight, and, in conjunction
with the sub-chiefs, to see to the proper division of the
land ; to point out to each person a garden plot and
fishing place ; to visit the sick ; to settle disputes ; to
pronounce sentence upon the guilty, and to sefe that
such sentence was duly carried out. All trials took

i88 THE AINU OF JAPAN

place in public, and, unless the assembled elders of the
people assented to the decision of the chief, his judgment
vas void. This mode of government is still sometimes
practised in secret by the people, notwithstanding the
fact that the Japanese have taken away all semblance of
power from the Ainu as a race, deposed their hereditary
chiefs, and set up creatures of their own in their places.

The Ainu had various methods and degrees of
punishing offenders, which were regulated by the different
misdemeanours committed, and the dispositions of the
judges and people. However, they never favoured the
death penalty, since they thought that no punishment at
all. They thought that only the infliction of pain or dis-
grace was worthy of the name of punishment, and the
more severe the pain, the greater the punishment.
Ikatiug with a stick or war-club was the most common
method of punishing oflfenders, though this mode was
often superadded to other kinds. Misdemeanours and
their accompanying punishments were such as these :

For breaking into the storehouse or dwelling of
another, a very soimd beating was administered for the
lirst offence ; for the second, sometimes the nose was
cut off, sometimes the ears, and in some eases both the
nose and ears were forfeited. Thus the culprit was
marked and disgraced for life. Persons who had com-
mitted such a crime twice were driven bag and baggage
out of the home and village to which they belonged. I
have seen a man and a woman — they were husband and

AINU FATHERLAND AND GOVERNMENT 189

wife — who had been treated in this way for breaking
into a storehouse. They are most probably the very
last that have been or will be hereafter thus treated in
Ainu-land ; for Japanese law now reigns supreme, and
that of the Ainu is, to all intents and purposes, for ever
dead.

HANOINQ BY THE HAIR

For breaking the seventh commandment, it used to be
the custom to tie the hands of the male offender behind
his back, then hang him up to a beam by the hair of his
head, leaving the toes, however, just touching the ground,
something after the manner indicated by the illustration,
and, as he hung, give him a severe beating. The female

190 THE AINU OF JAPAN

offender vm generaUy allowed to go free, ihon^ of
oonree, in diagraice. SometimeB, however, she also came
in for a Bonnd thrashing. If the cnlprits were single,
they were generally made to marry immediately upon
being found ont.

For murder it was eostomary to cut the tendons
of the feet in two, thus maiming a person for the re-
mainder of his life. The tendons were severed dose to
the heels. This was a terrible punishment, for a person
so treated could not possibly do any work or hunting ;
he was ever dependent on his relatives for the neces-
saries of life. I have seen one old man who had been
so punished. He was unable to walk, and was obliged
to move himself along upon his hands, in which he
held two small blocks of wood.

Sometimes, however, the tendons of a murderer
were spared ; and in that case the guilty one was
banished for ever to a place called Hitai sak^ chikap
sap moshiri — i.e. 'the land where neither trees nor
birds exist,' and which is described as being a very
cold and dreary place, where there is almost perpetual
ice and snow. This is probably intended for Siberia.

When a person was charged with a crime, he was
always supposed to plead guilty or not guilty. If he was
proved guilty, and would not confess his crime, certain
ordeals were applied. The Ainu, as we have seen, still
resort to trial by ordeal, when they can do so secretly
and without being found out by the Japanese.

191

CHAPTEE XIV

FEAU OF ANGRY WOMEN AND TREATMENT OF THE SICK

The way in which an Ainu woman can curse when she ,
is angry is simply wonderful ; and no trick is too mean,
unclean, and unseemly for the expression of her wrath,
and for vengeance upon the objects of her hate and
fury. This cursing is not an invocation to the gods for
harm or injury against a person, for Ainu women never
pray for anything ; nor is it what is commonly called
swearing, or using profane language, for the Ainu are
not addicted to this evil habit. They have, it is true, a
word in then- vocabulary which means 'to blaspheme';
but their cursing consists in uttering imprecations >
against a person, and in calling him bad names.

Thus, an angry woman will call an old man who
has raised her ire, shunmna-ush — that is, a very aged,
mangy deer — one about to die of old age, quite toothless
and unable to run. A very young man she will call
tontaneppo, which means, I believe, * a little hairy thing,*
and then 'wild boar,' next * leather-Uke,' and lastly
* bald-pated.' A middle-aged man she will call hokuyuk

192 THE AINU OF JAPAN

* a man-eating bear ' ; but the worst term of contempt a
woman can apply to anybody is rai-guru — * a corpse.'

Besides calling the men hard names, A]jaa women
have other means of venting their spite against them.
They will, for instance, peep at them roond comers,
make grimaces at them behind their backs, put out
their tongues to the utmost extent, and roll their eyes
about, and otherwise act in a manner too indecent for
description. Now, Ainu men are dreadfully afraid of
angry women ; not, indeed, so much that they fear their
hard words and ugly looks, but they dread their actions.
Two things they particularly dread : that the women
will steal and hide their religious symbols, or oflferings
to the gods ; and that the women will make them eat
partially decayed human flesh, or some other filthy
substance.

Angry Amu women have been known to steal and
hide away or burn their husbands' inao. The men are
particularly afraid of this kind of sacrilege, for they fear
that the gods, not being able to find their accustomed
offerings, will think they have been neglected, and thus
be led to cease blessing and extending their favours
to the offerers, and perhaps requite them by sending
some calamity or trouble, especially in the shape of
madness or paralysis.

Not only will the gods cease blessing any Ainu who
neglects his hiao^ but his own tribe and people will cast
him out. He then loses his fraternity, and is, in a

FEAR OF ANGRY WOMEN 193

sense, boycotted. An Ainu who neglects his inao is
looked upon by his household and friends as an atheist
is in a Christian land. Perhaps the worst name that
can be applied to an Ainu man, and^ that which most
deeply wounds his feelings, is inao sak guru — * a person =
without inao,^ Such an one receives no share of fish, and
no bear's flesh or venison after a successful hunt. He -
is not able to take part in the great national bear
feast, and thus misses a good chance of getting drunk.
He becomes an object of hatred and an outcast.

Hence, an Ainu greatly fears an angry and revenge-
ful woman — especially if she be his wife — lest she should
steal and make off with his inaoy and so bring disgrace
and ruin upon him. I know a man whose sister
destroyed her husband's inao. Of course she was
divorced ; but this appears to be what she desired. In
consequence of her action, she was looked upon with the
utmost detestation, and was much feared and sus-
pected.

He also fears to make a woman too angry, lest she
should go to a grave, exhume a corpse, cut oflf a piece of
the flesh, and, after having put it in the pot and mixed
it with the stew, cause him unwittingly to eat it. This
filthy practice has, we are told by the Ainu, been re-
sorted to by angry women, though, happily, not often.

It is curious that no punishment appears to have
been devised for such misdemeanours. It might be
thought that the women of so religious and superstitious

194 THE AINU OF JAPAN

a race as the Ainu would not have nenre enongh for
such things. But the religion is all on the male side ;
the women have no share in it ; and hence, when they
are angry, fear neither gods nor men.

When'iHrthfi.^inu, until within quite recent times,
had to do without the aid of medicines, medical men,
and special household comforts. They formerly de-
pended almost entirely upon prayer to the gods, and
iipon Na ture for recovery. Now they are attended by
Japanese physicians, supplied by the Government.
However, there are a few herbs and other remedies
known as medicines by the people, which they prepare
and administer in cases of sickness, and these remedies
are still persisted in by many to the present day. If,
for instance, a person takes a very hea\7 cold, they dig
up the root of a plant called upeUy make a strong
decoction of it, and drink a large dose. Failing this
particular plant, thev take a decoction made from the
roots of the wild parsnip, which are also said to be good
for stomach-ache. In cases of diarrhoea, soup made of
the seeds of docks is considered very effectual. The
dock seeds are gathered and dried, then beaten in a
mortar. When they are well threshed, pounded, and
cleansed so that nothing but the flour remains, the flour
is taken and boiled till it becomes something like pea
soup. A good dose of this is said to work wonders.
For some complaints it is usual to administer a decoc-
tion made by steeping bjack alder bark in cold water.

TREATMENT OF THE SICK 195

For toothache a nail is heated to white heat and
held on the affected tooth for a few seconds. This is
said to kill the insects which are supposed to he the
origin of the malady. For a slight cut the people chew
burdock leaves and tie them on the wound ; but for a
severe wound they scrape deer's horn into powder and
gently drop it into the cut, or, failing horn, the whiskers
or bristles of whales are scraped fine and put upon the
place. In cases where a person has been scratched or
scalped by a bear, the wound is first washed with fresh
water, then the scalp or skin is put into its proper
place and sewn together with hair or a fine thread made
of bark, after which powder made by scraping deer's
horn or whale's bristles is put along the seams. If
a person is accidentally poisoned by an arrow, the spot
touched by the poison is immediately cut out, the
place sucked, then washed, and horn powder put upon
the wound. Where a leg or an arm is broken, the bones
are merely set as well as possible and bound up in rough
splints.

Of course there are diseases which cannot be touched
by any of these remedies. When, therefore, a case
becomes desperate, the elders meet together and pray to
the goddess of fire and the Creator to remove the disease
and heal the sick one. But this is not all ; sickness is
supposed to be the work of the devil or of some evil-
disposed ghost. It is sometimes necessary, for this
reason, to expel the evil spirit and drive it away before

H 2

196 THE AINU OF JAPAN

a peraon can be eipeoted to xeoover. Bat how ahall this
be done? Evfl qurits and (^ts are thong^ to be very
much aflndd of the smdl of a certain kind of wild
oonydynliu plant. The Ainu, therefore, dig np a few
roots of this plant, chew them in the presence of the
sick person, and then expectorate all over his or her
body, and all round inside and ontdde of the hut.
While some are expectorating, others are blowing over
and upon the patient. When it is considered that this
interesting though filthy ceremony has been satisfac-
torily performed in an orthodox manner, and the evil
spirit is out of the body, the men strike hither and
thither with knives and swords, expectorating the mean-
while, thereby driving the evil one out of the house and
district.

It is often supposed that the people are possessed
with devils. But this kind of possession is only thought
to take place when the person afiSicted has sold himself
or herself to the evil one by some wicked act. I saw a
crazy woman once who was tied up in a temporary
lodge and there kept, bemg fed daily by the people of her
village. Every now and then the Ainu went and
expectorated the juice of convolvulus roots at her and
around the lodge, and prayed for her. This woman got
well in time, and so she has become a standing witness
of the efficacy of this mode of treatment. So, too, if the
people desire to keep some contagious disease away from
their village, they will pray, chew the convolvulus root.

TREATMENT OF THE SICK 197

and march round the whole village, sword in hand,
expectorating and howling wildly.

When a person desired to know the reason of his
malady, he sent for a tusu-guru, * a medicine man,' or
'prophet,' or 'wizard'; I hardly know which to call^
him. This wizard goes to the house of the anxious one,
and, falling into a sort of trance and working himself up
into a kind of frenzy, tells why the disease has come and
what demon has sent it. He also makes some charms
to be worn by the afflicted person. These charms were
supposed to drive away the demon of sickness and bring
back the god of health. He also makes medicines for
the sick one to take.

There are stiU prophets among the Ainu who even
now sometimes exercise their profession. Their chief
duty is to find out the causes of illness, to charm away
sickness, and to make known the ultimate result — i.e. to
tell whether a person will die or get well again. When
a person prophesies, he is supposed to sleep or otherwise
lose consciousness. The spirit of prophecy or divination
is then thought to enter into the heart of the prophet, so
that the subject merely becomes a tool or mouth-piece of
the gods. The prophet is not even supposed to know
what he himself says, and often the Usteners do not
understand what his words portend. When in the act
of prophesying he is in a fearful tremble ; he generally
breathes very hard, and beads of perspiration stand on
his brow. Though his eyes should be open, they have,

198 THE AINU OF JAPAN

for the time being, lost all power of sight. He sees
nothing bnt with the mind. Everything he sees,
whether relating to the past, present, or fatore, is
spoken of in the present tense. This spirit of prophecy
is fully believed in by the people, and the prophet is
often resorted to.

But no person can prophesy just when he pleases ;
he mast wait till the spirit seizes him. Nor is a good
drink of wine always required ; but contemplation and
prayer are absolute necessities. The burden of prophecy
sometimes comes out in jerks, but more often in a kind
of sing-song monotone. When a prophet prophesies,
absolute silence is observed by the i)eopIe present. No
voice is heard but that of the prophet. Old men with
grey beards may be seen with tears in their eyes, silent
and solemn, attentively listening to what is being said.
The proi)het beats himself with his hands, and, when he
has finished, he opens his eyes with a stare and presents
a very exhausted appearance.

One of the most solemn scenes of sickness I have
witnessed among the Ainu took place in the hut next to
that in which we were living. It was a case of sunstroke,
I believe. The poor woman who was afflicted was quite
unconscious, and it was expected every moment she
would die. Word was quickly sent round to her friends,
and a wizard, who happened to be her near relative, was
fetched from a village about five miles off. I went into
the hut to see the poor woman after dark in the evening.

TREATMENT OF THE SICK 199

She was lying upon a long stool near the fire-side. At
her head stood the wizard, swaying to and fro in the
fervour of his excitement and earnestness, prophesying
and praying. I shall never forget his flashing eye and
earnest look. Many women, friends of the sick one,
were standing round her performing what they call
nitaia — that is, they were holding the patient with their
hands, believing themselves to be able by this means to
keep the spirit from leaving the body, at the same time
blowing upon her with their mouths, and giving vent to
their feelings by loud lamentations and much weeping.
Some of the women held lights, while others turned out
the pots, pans, and tubs, and swept the hut clean from
end to end. This was to drive out the demon of sick-
ness. There were also many men present, all of whom
were engaged in prayer. ^ — ..

The Ainu think that sickness is a direct punishment \

from the Creator— the malignant and revengeful ex- /
pression of ill-will of the evil one — that it is the visible \
result of an envious woman's ghost, or a punishment /
sent by their ancestors for some wicked act done by the/
person aflBiicted. Thus, paralysis goes by the name of
kamui irushka tashum, * the sickness of the angry god.*
This disease is supposed to be sent especially by the
Creator as a punishment for wickedness. Madness is a
complaint demons deUght to inflict upon people who,
having done many wicked acts, have become their very
children. * Madness/ or * possession by demons,' some-

300 THE AINU OF JAPAN

times goes by the name of ' poBsession by snakes ' ; ^ snake '
thus bemg a convertible term with, and a synonym for,
* demon ' or * devil/

The Aina, particularly the women, are remarkably
afraid of snakes. Many a time have I been sent for to
act as snake executioner. On one occasion I was asked to
go and kill a snake which had got into an old man*s
storehouse. I found it, and saw that it had a very large
stomach, as though it had been gorging itself. As soon
as it was killed I invited the master of the storehouse
to come and look at it; and when he saw its great
size he assured me that if I would but make a post-
mortem examination of it I should find great treasure
inside, which treasure, as the snake was killed on his
premises, would belong to him. On examination we
found that it had swallowed a large rat ! The Ainu was
dumfoimded and angry at being thus rewarded or
punished for his greed.

The Ainu believe that snakes are demons, and that
if a person kills one the evil spirit will depart from the
snake and enter into the heart of him who kills it ;
therefore it requires a brave Ainu to kill a snake. These
reptiles are said to have a special si)ite against women,
and will, if they only get the chance, bewitch them and
drive them mad ; hence the fear in which women hold
them. It is also said that if snakes catch any man
sleeping out of doors, they will enter his mouth and take
up their abode within him.

TREATMENT OF THE SICK 201

The deities once determined to drive all snakes away
from Ainu-land because they were so harmful to man-
kind. But the evil one — ever the enemy of gods and
men — succeeded in frustrating their designs. The follow-
ing legend, though short, will no doubt explain it all in
a most satisfactory manner.

'Once upon a time there was a famine among the
snakes, so they made up their minds to migrate to
another country. But the evil one, hearing of their
determination, entered a frog and made it say to them :
" Why should you leave this country? Stay here, for if
you will only just swallow one of my legs you will be
satisfied ; therefore there is no necessity for you to go
away.'' Hence, having once tasted frogs, snakes have
ever since had the desire of swallowing them whenever
they met with them.'

According to some, wasps and stinging ants, and,
according to others, mosquitoes and gadflies, are said to
have originated from a huge serpent which the ancients
killed. This serpent was of an extraordinary length, and
very beautiful. It was in the habit of swallowing whole
villages. One day this monster met an Ainu who was
hunting in the forests, and asked him to do some very
wicked deed ; but the Ainu feared his gods and would not
consent. Thereupon the serpent, instead of swallowing
him, as he expected, told him that, as a punishment, he
should not die for a thousand years. And so it happened
that, when the Ainu became one hundred years old, he

THE AIXU OF JAPAN

died hia hair, whiskers, teeth Find skin, and became
young again. This happened every time he reached a
hondred years. He was not able to die, poor man !
Hov^Ycr, this wicked serpent was at last cut to pieces ;
but, as it decayed, stinging ants issued forth from its

203

CHAPTER XV

DEATH AND BURIAL

Death among-the^inu is an event full of dread, as
their ideas of the future life are exceedingly^ jgague
and uncertain. They are so much afraid of it that they
cannot bear to think of it, much less talk about it. They
look upon it as the chief and most hateful enemy of
mankind, and have no hope to' buoy them up and to^sf
a brighter light upon the scenes beyond the grave.

Directly a person is dead, be it man, woman, or child,
a messenger is sent to tell all relatives and friends, for
burial generally takes place the. day of death— or, at
fartEest^TSe next day — in the evening. A blazing fire
is made immediately before death, or as soon after as
possible, for which there appear to be two reasons. The
first is, because coldness and death are looked upon as
one and the same thing, and a good fire, it is thought,
"^may possibly bring back the warmth and life of the
body. The second reason for lighting a blazing fire is
that the viands of the death-feast may be cooked.
Directly after death the corpse is. dressed in- its. best
clothes,, which are neatly laced up, and the body is laid

x<?

304 THE AtNU OF JAPAN

lengthwise apon a mat by the ri^t-hand side of the
fireplace. The assembled relatiYes and friends of the
deceased sit round the remaining parts of the hearth,
and they are often so nomerons as to fill the whole hut.
The crowd is great because pr ayers are^ tgjhft eaidj a
religious feast partaken of, and wine to-^ drunk. If
a man has died, his quiver and bow, his~weIbfiBed
tobacco-box and pipe, a flint and steel for striking fire,
a knife, and sometimes an old sword, a moustache lifter
or two, and a few eating and drinking utensils are laid
by his side. If a woman, an iron saucepan (of Japanese
make, for the Ainu do not work in iron) and her eating
and drinking utensils, her little nicknacks and special
treasures, such as beads, rings, and necklaces, are
brought forth. In the case of a child its particular
playthings are set beside it. In all cases many itiao
are made, and placed about the hut and body of the
dead.

On one occasion I saw the corpse of a woman laid
out, which, besides being well dressed and having all the
particular utensils and ornamental paraphernalia about
it (the beads and rings were, in this case, laid upon her
bosom), was shod with pieces of white calico, which my
wife had, a few days previously, given to the dead
woman's husband to bind up a wounded foot. The
people appear to l)e very pleased if they can get hold of
a white garment in which to bury their dead, and several
have asked us for one. Why this is I have failed to

DEATH AND BURIAL 205

learn ; but it may be that white is regarded as a symbol
of purity, or it may be that the Ainu have taken the
idea from the Japanese, who use white as mourning, just
as we do black — the only diflBculty with the last sup-
position being that the dead are clothed in mourning,
and not the living. My own impression is that the
former is correct, and that the Ainu desire their dead
to enter the future world — or the world beyond the
grave — in white, as aiKemblem of purity.

Th ^ (^or pse^^s soon as it is properly clad and laid
out, surrounded with the necessary eating utensils or
hunting materials, has a cake made of millet, or a cup
of boiled rice, and some mke placed by its side. The
spirit is supposed to eat and drink the essences of these
things, though the material parts remain the same, and
these being properly arranged, the goddess of fire is
worshipped. She is asked to take charge of the spirit
and lead it safely to the Creator of the world and
possessor of heaven. She is also specially charged \vith
various messages, extolling the virtues of the dead and
setting forth his praises.

Next, millet cakes and wine are handed round to
^aen, women, and children alike, and each person then
offers two or three drops of the wine to the spirit of the
dead, then drinks a little, and pours what is left before
the fire, as an offering to the fire goddess, all the time
muttering some short prayer. Then part of the millet
cake is eaten, and the remainder hidden in the ashes

2o6 THE AINU OF JAPAN

upon the hearth, each person burying a little piece.
After the burial of the corpse these remnants are
collected together and carried out of the hut, and placed
before the east window.

As soon.^ tfaj^B§.cerfi]iionie8 ^reJoi^fid^the j^orgse

is carefully rolled in a mat, which the Ainu call a t oma^

'■ neatly tied up, fastened to a pole, and carried to the

grave between two men. The mourners follow the

/ corpse in single file, the men leading — each, however,

\ carrying some little article to be buried with the corpse.

\ The grave having been dug, say from two and a half to

,' three and a half feet deep, stakes are usually driven in

all round the inside, and over these and upon the

l)ottom mats are neatly placed. Then the corpse is laid

in the grave; nicknacks, cups, a ring or two, a few

l)ead8, a saucepan, and some clothing are buried with

tlie women ; a bow and quiver, an eating and drinking

cnp, tobacco, a pipe, and knife are put in with the men ;

and playthings with the children — which are now more

often brought away again than buried. In every case

the things, which are not always the best the departed

possessed during life, are broken before being placed in

the grave. When the body and all the other things have

been well covered up with the mats, pieces of wood are

placed so as to form a roof over the whole ; and then

upon this roof the earth is piled, so that the interior

of the grave is hollow.

A tub of water is usually carried to the grave, and

B OF AN AINU i

DEATH AND BURIAL 209

when the body has been interred, those who have taken
part m the ceremony wash their hands, and the water
that is left is thrown upon the grave. The bottom is
then knocked out of the tub and the remnants laid at
the foot of the grave close to a post that is set up to
mark the spot. The grave is usually covered with
a large quantity of wood and bushes, which are said to
keep off the foxes, wolves, and bears. When this has
been done the mourners return to the hut of the
deceased, where the men make inao^ pray^at,; drink,
and get helplessly intoxicated. This feast is called
wen iku, wen the, * the bad drinking and eating.' Not
bad, indeed, because it is bad to have such a feast ; but
because the occasion of the feast is bad, being a death
and burial feast. It is a fearful sight to witness these
ceremonies, and heart-rending to see and hear the
distress of the people.

Tfa ^ Ain w Im vA ^iv^Pflf desii'e to forget all about
a person as soon as he is ^buried, 'yet they never bury
without placing a pole, which for the sake of convenience
may be called a tombstone, at the foot of each grave
to mark the spot. This, however, is not so much to
remember the deceased by, for no writing whatever is
inscribed thereon, as to point out to a chance hunter
that a burial has taken place there, and to prevent
mistakes.

The tombstone marking a man's grave is made to
represent a spear, though the Ainu tell me they intend

2IO THE AINU OF JAPAN

it for a boat oar, but it is certainly much more like a
spear than an oar, as the engraving shows clearly.
Whether there is any special meaning attached to this or^.
not I cannot tell. The Ainu I have asked about it^
know of none, and say it is just an old custom handed
down from very ancient times, and nothing more. Their
ancestors made tombstones like these, and their suc-
cessors do the same. The posts set up at the graves of
men and boys are all of the same pattern. The piece of
cloth which hangs from the centre of the pole is the
head-dress of the deceased.

In the illustration here given a woman's tombstone
is shown. The person over whom it is placed was the
wife of the man and mother of the girl who appear in
the engraving, and the cloth which hangs from the top
of the pole was the woman's head-dress. If the reader
looks closely at the bottom of the pole, he may see the
little tub in which the water was brought for the men to
wasli then hands. The bottom has been knocked out
and the tub slipped over the pole. Tbe top of the pole
has not been cut Uke a spear or oar ; it has been merely
rounded off and a hole burned through it. The poles
that are set up at the graves of women and girls are all
of this shape.

The Ainu have no cemeteries. Each person chooses
a spot for the body of his relative, and they generally
bury far away in the mountains. Formerly it was the
chiefs duty to seek out a burying-place and to attend to

DEATH AND BURIAL 2ii

the funeral. The people ^eep. their_grave8 as eeei-et^^^s
possible, being, hke the members of many other bar-
barous races, much afraid of the ghosts of the dead.
They visit the graves only upon exceedingly rare ocea-

TOMBSTOKK OF AK AINU WOUAH

sions, or under very great pressure. Thus Ainu places
of burial are very soon forgotten, and the graves quickly
become quite indistinguishable from the forest around
them.

\> c

212

VVX)

THE AINU OF JAPAN

Whenever the Ainu find it necessarj^ speak of death
and burial, as of course it sometimesr must be, they talk
/ with a hushjBd voice, and use a^gurative and round-
about phraseology. Thu s deatli is called 'sleeping,'
'overcome with deep sleep,/ ' resting,' 'leaving the
world behind,' ' going,* ' goife away,' * is not.' Even
a person's name is to A)e forgotten when death
overtakes him. Perhaps ythis is the reason a woman
never takes the name of Mer husband, or a child that of
its parent. While her husband is living, a woman is
called So-and-so's wife/but as soon as her husband dies
she is always known ioy her maiden name. There are
no posthumous namis. I have heard only of one, and
that is pjiven to a /apanese hero, and is therefore not
properly Ainu.

On the occasioii of a funeral the men generally wash
their faces and hands, have their beards trimmed, hair
cut, and necks /and foreheads shaved. Widows and
widowers were formerly supposed to remain single five
years, but no\y some of them reranrry much more
quickly.

When a man lost his wife it was the custom for him
to have his h^ir cut short, and to remain indoors as
much alone as possible till it grew decent again. If he
had been fond of his wife, and felt her loss very much,
he would sometimes show his intense sorrow by plucking
out a great part of his hair and beard, and wearing
a forlorn and dejected appearance.

DEATH AND BVRIAL

A woman, apon the Iobb of her hiiBband, had to have
her head clean Bhaven. Not only waa she Bupposed to
remain indoors as much as posBible, and keep herself
entirely by herself till her hair grew long again, bnt
aa soon as it got any length she was obliged to have it
shaved off again. This was to show her great lose
and sorrow. This shaving of the
head muBt have been a painful
process before the Ainu got
Japanese razors, and when they
used sharp shells for the pur-
pose. As soon as a woman has
her head shaved she puts on a
widow's bonnet, which she is
obliged to wear during the whole
period of her widowhood.

These are generally ma<le of
thick Japanese cloth, and have a
hole left in the hinder part of
the crown for ventilation.

A short letter, bearing upon
thiH subject, which the author
wrote in 1887 to the Church Missionary Society, may
prove of interest here. 'The death of a little heathen
child in this village a few days ago suggested to me
the idea of forwarding to you the following facta.
At 9 o'clock, A.U., on March 7 I was called into an
Ainu hut to see a sick child who was supposed to be

WIDOW'S BOSSET

314

THE AINU OF JAPAN

dying. The child's age vaa fonr years, and I fonnd it
sofferingj^rom acate bronohitiB, and in conTolsiona. As
there was no doctor within thirteen miles of the village,
I was asked to do what I conld to check the disease. I
immediately had the child placed in a hot bath, and gave it
an emetic. The result was marvellons, so that the child

slept immediately nftf^rwards for nearly an hour, and
then waB able to take some hot bread and milk. But,
upon its awakening, the fond but foolisli parents allowed
the child to have its own way, and, being in a perspira-
tion, actually took it almost naked too near an open
window, a cold March wind blowing at the time.

DEATH AND BURIAL 217

The result was a relapse, and the child died. I was
with it at its death. This is hut the second time I have
been allowed to enter an Ainu hut when the hand of
death has been upon any of its inmates.

' When the child died there were some fifteen weep-
ing women and twenty praying and howling men present.
The uproar was very great, and the despair of the parents
heart-rending to look upon. As I could do nothing
more for the child I returned to our home to rest.

' The next day the child was buried, and I took the
opportunity of going to see the parents and mourners,
that I might speak to them of the Christian's hope. I
found the hut full of people, but, alas ! most of them,
men and women too, were helplessly drunk, and
lying scattered about all over the floor of the hut.
Nevertheless, as there were some six or seven sober men
and women among them, I spoke to them on the subject
of a future day of resurrection and judgment, and of the
gift of life eternal to the faithful redeemed. God grant
that some of the seed sown may spring up and bear
fruit to the glory of our blessed Saviour !

* These few facts then I would leave to speak for
themselves, but I earnestly desire to ask for the prayers
and kind sympathy of all praying Christians.'

At the time of the death of this child all the women
were weeping and howling most pitiably. One old
man was calling upon the goddess of fire to help, and
threatening never to worship her again if she did not

3l8

THE AINU OF JAPAN

keep warmih in the ehild's body. Another person was
looking ont of the east window and aocnmng ihe goddess
of fire to the Creator of not attending to her duty. A
third was in a towering rage> and, fiidng the south-east
comer of the hnt» was telling the guardian gods that
they were an entirely bad lot, and deserved never to be
worshipped again. It was indeed a painful scene. I
have since repeatedly seen similar praying and weeping,
scolding and threatening, going on in other huts on like
occasions.

219

CHAPTER XVI

GHOSTS AND THE FUTURE LIFE

On one occasion, when taking a walk in the forest
with an Ainu chief, I found that he strongly objected to
go near a particular spot not far from one side of our
path. Nothing I could say would induce him to go near
the place, and he was also exceedingly anxious that I
should not go either. After a great deal of questioning
and coaxing, he at length confessed to me that the
reason was fear ; fear because.a person had been buried
there some time before. Upon making further inquiry

I found out that the idea prompting him to avoid the

grave was that he, in common with all others of his
race, believed the spirit or soul of the dead to still live
on. The spirit is supposed to haunt the grave in which
the body has been laid, and also its immediate surround-
ings, and not. only to have the power of bewitching the
mind and doing bodily harm to any person whom it
should discover near the resting-place of the body, but
also, especially if the spirit be the ghost of a woman, the
ivHl to do so upon the very first occasion that oppor-
tunity is given. The chief who accompanied me

SM THE AINV OF JAPAN

waB Penri of Piratori, whose portrut appears in the
engraving.

At another time, when I was visiting the grave of an
old woman whom I had previoasly known, to see if I

could find any inscriptions on the jwle that had been
set up to mark the place of burial, the iiiiiii who accom-
panied me would by no means come within twenty-five

GHOSTS AND THE FUTURE LIFE 221

or thirty yard8^fjthfi.^]jotL^t stood that distance away,
and directed me with his voice and hands. That man

was fl-frajH nf \\\9. own ipnihgrVi ghost.

Upon returning to the hut, the man, together with •
several women, brought a bowl of water to the door, and
requested me to wash my face and hands. Whilst at
my ablutionsThe women commenced to beat me and
brush me down with inao. Upon inquiring into the
ideas which moved the people to act in this manner, I
discovered that the yirashing was to purify me. from all
uncleanness contracted at the grave through contact
with the ghost of the deceased, and that the beating
and brushing with inao was to drive away all evil influ-
ences and diseases she may have aimed at me. The
water and inao were the antidote against, and the cor-
rective of, the evil intentions the spirit is supposed to
have directed towards me out of her wicked spite for
trespassing on her domain.

Now, looking at these facts and peculiar actions and
ideas, we ask. What is their purport ? What is the under-
lying principle? We find one fundamental article of
religious belief at its very foundation — viz. belief in the
exietence of the human spirit, with its capacilies^ for /
knowing, seein g, wHImg j^ and act ing intact^ and even
enha ncedrafter _the death and burial of the body. The
Ainu admit this without any doubts or questionings.
Their actions speak even louder than their words, and
their words explain their actions.

'y^'y

THE AINU OF JAPAN

An Ainu fears nothing so much as the spirit, soul, or
<;host, call it which you please, of a dead female aiices-
tor. It is really wonderful what an amount of power
for evil the ghost of a deceased old woman is supposed
to possess. Not only so, but, strange though it may
seem among such a people, even before death old women
have a good deal of power over the opposite sex, and
thililren are particularly afraid of them. Some of these
ancient dames are veritable old witches if one offends
them ; and if they are against a person the men will be
found to be so too.

"When I thst went to a certain Ainu village I found
(liat all the people, (luite contrary to all my previous
exptricncr, were set against me. I was very much
juizzled at this : but afterwards found out that it arose
llin)u;^'li the inihieiice of one old woman, the oldest in
the villajj;e. She was a very conservative old dame, and
could not tolerate the presence of either Japanese or
foreigners in an Ainu village. However. I soon found
out her weak point. She happened to be very fond of
tobacco, and had a remarkably sweet tooth ; so a hand-
ful of sugar and a small packet of tobacco quickly put
things straight. That small consideration, now and
again repeated, caused us to be close friends till the day
of her death. She must have been more than eighty
years old, for her son was a grey-headed old man.

The Ainu assert that in years long gone by the
ancients used to burn down the hut in which the oldest

GHOSTS AND THE FUTURE LIFE 223

woman of a family had died. This curious custom was
followed because it was feared that the spirit of the
woman would return to the hut after death, and, out of
envy, mftlice, and hatred, bewitch her offspring and sons-
and daughters-in-law, together with their whole families,
and bring upon them various noxious diseases and many
sad calamities. Not only would she render them un-
prosperous, but she would cause them to be unsuccessful
in the hunt, kill all the fresh- and salt-water fish, send
the people great distress, and render them childless.
She would curse the labour of their hands both in the
house, the gardens, and the forest ; she would l)light all
their crops, stop the fountains and springs of drinking
water, make life a weary burden, and eventually slay
all the people and their children. So vicious and ill-
disposed are the departed spirits of old women supposed
to be, and so much power for evil are they said to
possess.

For this reason, therefore, the ancients used to burn
down the hut in which an old woman had lived and
died ; the principal idea being that the soul, when it
returned from the grave to exercise its diabolical spells,
would be unable to find its former residence, and the
objects of its hatred and fiendish intentions. The soul
ha\ing been thus cheated of its prey, and its malignant
designs frustrated, is supposed to wander about for a
time in a towering rage searching for its former domicile ;
but, of course, to no purpose. Eventually the spirit

•14 THE AINU. OF JAPAN -

retnrna, defeated and dqected, to the grave whence it
came, and woe betide the person bold or nnlnelr^ enoo^
to Tentnre near that spot I

One would have expected that, if the B[Rrita of old

women are bo vicionBly dispoeed towards their progenj,
and are vested with so mnch power for harm, the Ainu
would endeavonr to appease them by constantly offering
libations of wine and inao to them ; but the people do
this very rarely indeed. They boiy the bodies and try
to forget that they ever had a grandmother or mother-
in-law, and never go near their gravee, nor even mention
the name of the dead person.

This custom of burning down houses has long since
Ijeen cliscontinuod. It hod happened a few times during
the lifetime of some old men I knew, but the custom
has died a natural death. No command was given by
the chiefs to cease house-burning, but it was left off by
common conRent. It is true, indeed, that the spirits of
the dead are theoretically feared as much as ever, but
the Ainu of to-day do not see why house and home
should for that reason be destroyed.

The Ainu do not, like the Japanese Buddhists, be-
lieve in metempsychosis, or the transmigration of souls,
either into higher or lower orders of being. This is the
belief of pantheists, and the Ainu are in no sense pan-
theists, bat great polytbeists. When, however, I make
the statement that the Ainu do not believe in the trans-
migration of their souls into some other beings, I find I

GHOSTS AND THE FUTURE LIFE 225

must make a qualifying remark. The people do believe
that the human spirit will have another home in a living
body after death. That body will be exactly like the ^.
present, though perhaps not really the same. This, it
will be seen, is a very different thing from what is gene-
rally understood by metempsychosis; for the soul is
supposed never to have had any existence before it
entered the human body, and will never inhabit any
other than a human body. The Ainu do not believe
that when they kill a mosquito or a flea or an earwig,
they thereby slay or injure their grandmother, uncle or
aunt ; nor when an Ainu eats a fish or a fowl, or a piece
of venison or bear's flesh, does he consider that very
possibly he is thereby devouring his deceased father, or
mother, or child ! This creed does not suit the Ainu,
and hence we find that none have been converted to
Buddhism by the Japanese.

Not only do the Ainu believe that the souls of
human beings will have a conscious and personal exist-
ence after death, but those of animals also. They seem\
to conceive of men and women as living in large com-
munities in the other world in the same way and under
the same conditions as they do in this, excepting that
they can know no death* They believe that husband
and wife, parent and child, will be rejoined to one
another after death, and that there will also be marrying
and giving in marriage, but there will be no more pain^v^
or sorrow, or death. The living fully expect to have

226 THE AINU QF JAPAN

bodies in fonn exactly like the proaenty to live in honaeey
to have their daily work to do> their hunting and fishing
stations, their dogs and other animals. Thqr will laii|^
and talky eat and drink as now, and altogether they foUy
expect to have a very material existence.

But the curious thing about these peojde who live a
life beyond the grave is, that they look upon persons
who have not yet crossed the river of death as ghosts,
and consider themselves to be the natural and substan*
tial people. They think of us, in fact, just as we do
of them. However^ they are happier than we, and will
live for ever. They can visit this earth in the shape of
ghosts whenever they desire to do so ; and some of us
also, if we make up our minds, can make a call on them
in the same capacity. When they come to us they are
invisible to our eyes, and when we go to them they can-
not see us. Their ghosts can see us when they pay us a
visit, and can hear what we say, though they cannot
address us ; and our ghosts can likewise see and hear
them when they go to the lower world, but cannot make
themselves heard. Nevertheless, the dogs are able to
discover when a ghost is about, and when they scent one
they set up a tremendous howling.

The following story illustrating:; these notions of the
Ainu with regard to the future ^vorld was told me by
an Ainu.

' Once upon a time there were two young men who
were devoted friends. They had heaird it said that the

GHOSTS AND THE FUTURE LIFE 227

entrance of a certain cavern in a rock led straight on to
the place of departed spirits, and if anyone had courage
to take the journey, he might go and see what that land
was like. One of the young men determined to go and
visit the place. On entering the cave, he could at first
see nothing but thick darkness. But as he proceeded
on his journey he discovered a speck of light straight in
front of him. The farther he went, the stronger grew
the light ahead, and the darker became the cave behind.
At length he came to a most magnificent country, filled
with the brightest light. Beautiful forests of trees, and
mighty plains of reeds and grass, opened out before
him, and rivers of sparkling water divided up the low-
lands. Altogether, it was a splendid country. After a
while he came to a village and saw many persons he had
known in the upper world — that is to say, ** during life.*'
He endeavoured to speak to them, but they all began
to look this way and that with evident perplexity, wonder,
and fear. The dogs, too, set up a grievous howling.
Even his own father did not know him, and his mother
fled away in fear, and the people all said he was a ghost.
After this reception he gave up attempting to reveal
himself, and set out on his return to the upper world.
As he was journeying back he met a man, whom he
thought to be his friend. However, it was somewhat
dark in the passage, so that he could not be quite sure.
The man had a weary, ill, haggard look about him, and
was carrying a bag upon his shoulders. On addressing

228 THE AINU OF JAPAN

mshed by in great fBar,aiid sped swifUytowBid
the lower world. On reaching the eavem by which be
entered, he immediately set out for his friend's hooae;
bnty alas t he foond him dead. Without doubt it was
his departing spirit he had met in the passage to the
lower world/

Another legend upon the same snbjeet throws farther
light upon the Ainu idea of the next world. It tells
usy that when the dogs on one occasion discovered in
the world of the departed a ghost from the upper world,
they set np a great howling. Upon this the inhabitants,
including the father and mother of the ghost, made
offerings of tnoo, and set the refuse of their food outside
the east end of the hut for the ghost to eat. He was
very angry at having such dregs offered to him, and
endeavoured to knock it all away ; but the filthy stuff
only fiew into his bosom, and he could not get rid of it,
try how he might. It was only after he emerged into
the upper world of living men that the refuse offered
him could be got rid of.

■

So, say the Ainu, just as that man felt when the
inhabitants of that country offered him such foul stuff,
do the ghosts feel when they come to this earth of
ours and are treated with the dregs of our food. We
ought to treat ghosts with respect, lest they feel disgusted
with us. Besides, how do we know whose ghost it is ?
It may be the spirit of our parent or child, for all we
know. Therefore it behoves us to be careful. The

GHOSTS AND THE FUTURE UFE 229

Ainu fiancy that the ghosts which come from the nether
world have the power of bewitching and otherwise
harming those to whom they take a dislike, but espe-
cially the wicked.

The following is another Ainu legend about visiting
Hades : * Once upon a time there was a man who had
two sons. Now it happened one day, when the younger
son was away from home, the father died. Just before
his death he called his eldest son to him, and told him
that as he was about to take his departure from this
world, and pursue his journey to Hades, he would leave
his treasures, heirlooms, and general property to be
divided equally between the younger brother and him-
self.

' A few days after his father's death the younger son
returned home, and heard the sad news. He was very
sorry ; but, worse than all, the wicked elder son took all
the heirlooms and other property to himself, and would
not divide them equally, as his father had commanded.
He said that all the things were left to himself only,
as head and representative of the family. Upon this
a great quarrel ensued, which waxed so hot that the
brothers separated. The elder brother stayed at home
and enjoyed himself; but the younger took his quiver
and bow and set out to find the passage by which his
father had gone to the lower world.

'Having found the entrance, he commenced the
descent. He walked so quickly that he soon arrived at

230 THE AINU OF JAPAN

a large village, full of people and fine hooseB. The dogs
barked at him as he went along, and he heard the
people saying to one another, '' Oh ! there is a ghost
about ; there must be a ghost about/' They then began
to present libations of wine to him. On and on marched
the man, the dogs still barking, till he came to the house
of his father. He entered the hut, and tried to speak
to his parent, but could not make himself seen or
heard. This greatly distressed him, and so he set to
work to find a way by which he might learn what he
desired to know. At last he thought of a plan. As a
ghost, why should he not enter into some member of the
village, and make him speak for him ? He would try.
So he entered the heart of a man near at hand, and,
borrowing his mouth and tongue, asked his father how
he had left his property in the upper world. The father
made answer that he had divided it all equally between
his two sons.

*Then the younger brother returned to the upper
world and reported what he had done and seen and
heard. Thereupon his brother begged his pardon and
divided the goods with him ; and ever since that time
they lived happily side by side in the same village.'

In this legend, it will be seen, there is a distinct
reference to the act of presenting libations of wine to
the ghosts of deceased ancestors. It also states that a
ghost is able to possess a person when it so desires.
Tha,t is to say, ghosts are supposed to be able to enter 7^

GHOSTS AND THE FUTURE UFE 231

•

into the hearts of people when they please, and speak
and act through them at will. As regards offering liba-
tions of wine to ghosts, that is a custom still prevailing
at the present day, though only on a limited scale. I
have sometimes seen the men, though very seldom in-
deed, and once or twice the women also, go out of their
huts with a little wine and food, and place them at the
sacred spot outside the east end of the hut, as offerings
to the ghosts of their male ancestors. This might be
called a modified form of ancestral worship, but it is
on nothing like so large a scale as the ancestral worship
of the Chinese and Japanese, with whom it is a fixed
and regular custom.

Ainu ideas concerning the future life, and especially
of their women, like those of many other half-barbarous
races, are full of great and irreconcilable contradictions.
It is extremely difl&cult to tell what they really do
believe as regards the future, as some appear to hold
one thing and some another. A few of the men seem
to honour their women in the present life, and would
give them a place and ofiBce in the great hereafter;
but others again profess to despise them, and either
positively assert that they can have no future life, or
affect total ignorance of and indifference to the matter.
Women are generally considered quite inferior to men,
both spiritually and intellectually. By some, they are\^
supposed to possess no souls, and this is sometimes \
stated as a reason why women are never allowed to pray. ■

232 THE AINU OF JAPAN

They are also fhonght not to have suffieieiit mind to
grasp the traditions of the ancients, and so are never
taught them. And yet the aetions of the men emphati-
cally contradict their words, for, as we have seen, they
all very greatly fear the ghosts of their departed grand-
mothers, and stand in constant dread of their anger
even whilst living. They do all they can to appease and
conciliate them before they die, and are particolarly
afraid of any person who is supposed to be possessed by
an old woman's ghost.

Though most men state their belief in a future
life for the women as well as for themselves, and all
of them distinctly indicate by their actions that they
really believe the spirit to survive even when the body
Las completely decayed, yet there appears to be but
one definite article of faith on the part of those who
would grant to woman a future life. This article of
faith is thus set forth by the Ainu : * Men and women
are placed in this world simply that they may increase
and multiply and replenish the earth ; hence the world
where men and women dwell is called narc moshiri,
"the multiplying world.*' The gods did not create
human beings to destroy them, but that they might
increase and multiply here, and live in a future world
hereafter. That future life in another world is for
the women and children as well as for the Ainu, i.e.
" men." A man will have the same wife and a woman
the same husband hereafter as now ; for in the world to

GHOSTS AND THE FUTURE LIFE 233

come all will be paired off. Though a man may marry
twice or thrice during his sojourn upon earth, or have a
great number of concubines, yet in the future world he
can have but one wife, and she will be his first.'

Thus do some at least of the Ainu believe in a
future life for all. What will become of a man's second
or third wife is not stated, nor is the place of concu-
bines known.

That some of the women believe in a future Ufe
of joy in company with their husbands and children is
evident from the following incident. As I was once
walking in the forest with an old Ainu, we happened to
meet a woman from a neighbouring village. We stayed
in the path, and had a long chat with her upon various
common subjects. After she was gone the Ainu confided
to me the fact that that particular woman was an
excellently good one. As a proof of this he said she had
lost her husband, and though often asked to marry again
she would not, stating as her reason that she could not
bestow her affections upon another, and that she was
only waiting for the time to come when she should rejoin
her lost loved one.

The fact that the Ainu women are never taught any
prayers or even allowed to pray is very remarkable. It
is sad to think they have not the consolations of a
religion of any kind, or any sacred subjects upon which
their heart and mind can feed, and from which they can
draw some comfort, however little it may be. Even

a34 THE AtHU OF JAPAN

npon those exeeedingly rare ooeasions when iheir
hnsbandfl send them to the east end of the hut to oSkx
libations to the spirits of their ancestors, can it be said
that they pray ? They are specially told what words to
use at those times, and what they repeat cannot be
properly said to constitute a prayer. The words they
use are merely these : ' ye honourable ancestors, I am
sent to present this wine and food to you.' Thus the
Ainu women simply, as this formula shows, make a
statement telling the spirit that they have brought it a
little present.

Nor do the women worship the gods ; and they can
take no active part in the religious feasts, excepting to
provide the food. The reason they never pray is not a
belief that they have no souls to pray for, or no life in
the future world. The very curious reason commonly
given for this fact is very Hkely the true explanation,
viz. that the men are afraid of the prayers of the women
in general, and their wives in particular. An old man
to whom I was once speaking on this subject said to me,
quite seriously and in confidence, that ' The women as
well as the men used to be allowed to worship the gods
and take part in all religious exercises ; but our wise and
honoured ancestors forbade them to do so, because it was
thought they might use their prayers against the men,
and more particularly against their husbands. We
therefore think with our ancestors that it is wiser to keep
/ihem from praying.*

GHOSTS AND THE FUTURE UFE 235

This idea may appear at first sight stupid and
irrational, but in reality it is consistent and in full
accord with the principles of the Ainu religion. More-
over, it is a logical and intelligible reason. The Ainu
believes in various gods who hear and answer prayer ;
he is aware that his wife is not treated so well and
kindly as she ought to be.; he knows that his own lazi-
ness must be compensated by the extra labours of his
wife, and he recognises the fact that his inveterate
drunkenness is the ruin of his family. Hence his fear
of the prayers of women and wives. They are afraid of
prayers for vengeance ; or when a man prays for wine,
and his wife that he may get none, the woman being
morally better than the man, her prayers are very likely
to prevail against his, and lead to his coming short of
that which he loves so much.

In this connection we may glance at Ainu ideas of
Heaven and Hell, meaning by Hell the future place and
state of those who die in wickedness, in contradistinction
to Hades, or the intermediate state. This subject is
naturally very obscure, of a somewhat complicated
nature. I have often talked to the people about it, and
the definite beliefs I have come across respecting it are
as follow :

1. The place to which good people go after death is
called Kamui kotan, * the place of god,' and Kamui
moshiri, * the kingdom of god,' or ' the world of god.'
When persons go to this place, they live for ever in a

3 j6 THE AINU OF JAPAN

state of rapreme happiness. Though Car away from
earthy they can see os^and they eyer take a lively interest
in all that is going on in this world. They also have
power to send punishments npon those of their families
who misbehave themselves^ and peace to those who are
good and kind. This power they frequently exercise.

Heaven is by many Ainu considered to be above us,
though others think it is below. All are agreed that it
is a place where the gods have their special home, and
where all men who do that which is good and right will
go when they leave the world. People in heaven do not
lose their personal identity. The Ainu notion of heaven
is therefore not the Japanese Buddhistic idea, which
would absorb every person into the deity itself.

2. Hades, or the intermediate state, is called Pokna-
moshirif *the underworld,' or *the world below.' All
spirits go first to this place when they leave the body.
Hades, however, is not generally believed to be a purga-
tory, though some think it is ; but upon going there the
spirits, which are always spoken of as possessing a body
exactly like the present one (though whether it is of a
spiritual or material nature is not stated), are told where
to go and what to do.

3. Gehenna, or hell, is called Teinei-pokna-shiriy and
that means * the wet underground world.' The wicked
are punished in this place. What these punishments
consist of the Ainu do not pretend to say. But the
spirits which go to this world of misery will be wet.

GHOSTS AND THE FUTURE LIFE 237

uncomfortable, and very cold for ever. One idea is that
they will be frozen up, yet never able to die ; another is
that they will burn for ever in the fires which exist in
the centre of the earth ; thus some will be for ever cold,
and others for ever hot.

4. In the centre of Hades there are said to be three
roads. The first leads from the earth upon which we
live, and which the Ainu call Kanna-vioshiri, * the
upper world,' to the centre of Hades. All spirits go by
this road when they leave the body. The second and
third roads start from the centre of Hades, one leading
to heaven and the other to Gehenna. All along these
roads there are watch-gods placed at dilBferent points, to
direct the spirits on their journey, and to see that none
go into the better world clandestinely or in a surrepti-
tious manner.

As soon as a spirit from the * upper world ' — that is,
our earth — passes down to the centre of Hades, a watch-
god informs it that he has received a message from the
Creator, sent through the goddess of fire, as to where it is
to go. If it has done good during life it passes along
the road to heaven, at the doors of which gods and men
meet it and lead it inside. If the spirit belonged to
a person who did evil during life, it is informed that,
a message having been received concerning its evil deeds,
it has now to proceed to Gehenna for punishment.
Should the spirit deny having done any wrong, the
goddess of fire is summoned, and she causes a great

338

THE AINU OF JAPAN

picture representing the whole life of the spirit to be
placed before it. Thus the spirit stands self-condemned,
and there is no escape^ for the fire goddess has a perfect
picture of every word and act the spirit ever said or did
while in a body upon earth.

The above are the only articles of faith concerning a
future world that I have been able to collect. I have
never heard any others being put forth by the Ainu ;
and these, I know, they teach some of their children^

339

CHAPTEE XVII

AINU POLYTHEISM

The Aiiius are polytheistic, and Ijelieve in the existence
of gods innumerable. This is only what might be ex-
pected from such unphilosophical, thoroughgoing chil-
dren of Nature as the Ainu show themselves to be. Of
the three natural religions — viz. Polytheism, Pantheism,
and Theism— the first is the most natural, and is, most
probably, the reason why polytheism is the religion
almost always found among the barbarous, uncivilised,
or semi-civiUsed races of the world. Even the Japanese,
who have had an enlightened civilisation for ages, have
never entirely emerged from the lower or polytheistic
religious belief. This is, perhaps, a curious fact, seeing
that this nation has a great love for speculation ; but
the speculation of the Japanese, it behoves us here to
remark, is a very different thing from that steady, deeply
philosophical contemplation which is sometimes seen
among the devotees of Buddha in India, the home of
pantheism and esoteric Buddhism. The Japanese, as a
nation, have never universally accepted pure Buddhism,
or actually lived that unpractical and well-nigh impossible

rr-x::— --,

240 THE AINU OF JAPAN

life of the devoat belieyer in pantheism as taught in the
Buddhistic religion.

Shintoism, the religion indigenoos to Japan, does
not, it is true, dogmatise about a future state. For the
most part it teaches subjects to be loyal to their emperor,
parents to be kind to their sons and daughters, children
to be obedient, respectful, loving, and dutiful to their
parents, all people to be mutually considerate and always
polite to one another. Yet, inasmuch as Shintoism
speaks of Hachiman Satna — i.e. * the eight myriads of
deities ; ' and inasmuch as until quite recently the
people practised the worship of the living emperor as
well as the spirits of those departed, and inasmuch as
this religion is still believed in by some of the people,
and so is not yet defunct, we must say that the Japanese
have not entirely passed out of the polytheistic stage of
ideas respecting the Godhead. The Ainu, however, are
not Shintoists. They do not worship the spirit of any
human being, unless, indeed, it be that of Aioina Hanmif
who the Ainu say was the ancestor of their race.

It appears to be a generally received opinion among
those persons, whether Japanese or foreign, who have
written or made any special inquiries respecting the
subject, that the Ainu people are in the habit of worship-
ping the image or spirit of Eurohanguwan Minamoto no
Yoshitsune, who, it will be remembered, was driven to
Yezo by his elder brother in the twelfth century of our
era. And, indeed, when we call to mind that there is a

AINU POLYTHEISM 241

little shrine upon a cliff at the village of Piratori, con-
taining an idol representing that great personage — that
some Ainu residing at and immediately round Piratori
itself actually tell inquirers that some of their number
do at times, though not often, worship at the said shrine —
and when we note the fact that most of the Ainu men
recognise the name Yoshitsune — then we see that this
generally received and constantly asserted opinion has,
apparently, a good degree of foundation in fact. The
writer of these Unes formerly shared, in common with
many others, the generally received views on this sub-
ject; but after long residence with the people themselves,
after having spent many months in the village of Piratori
— at the very doors of the shrine in question— he has
been obliged to change his opinion, or at least very
considerably to modify it in regard to this as well as
many other subjects connected with the Ainu. The
following facts tend to prove that the Ainu do not, in
the commonly received meaning of the term, tvorship
either the spirit or image of Kurohanguwan Minamoto
no Yoshitsune.

In the first place, it must be clearly understood that,
when persons say the Ainu worship Yoshitsune, they
mean not that people as a nation, but merely a few indi-
viduals resident in the Saru district. Again, it is not even
asserted that all the Saru Ainu worship him, but only
those of Piratori. Now, there are two Piratoris, viz. Pira-
tori the upper, and Piratori the lower. These two villagiea

34S THE AINU OF JAPAN

vere onee united, bat now are ritoated from a qnartv
to half a mile apart. The ibrine of YoBhitsone (and
there ia bat one ahrine in Yen) ia at the npper Piratoii,
and the inhabitants of the lower village will tell an
inquirer that it is the people of the npper Piratori
who worship the person in qnestion. Now, the upper
Tillage contains only thirty-two hats, and we find that
not even ten persons out of these families really wor-
ship Yoshitsone. It is clear, then, that the Ainn, con-
sidered as a race or nation, do not at the present day
Axaij that hero.

Then, again, it ahoold be noted that the present
shrine is decidedly of Japaneee make and pattern : in
all respects it is like the general wayside shrines one
may see anywhere in Japan. It was built about ten
years ago by a Japanese carpenter r^ident at a place
called Sarabato (Ainu, San-o-batv). Previous to this
there was also a Japanese-made shrine on the same spot,
but a much smaller one. The idol in the shrine is both
small and ugly ; it is a representation not so much
of a god as of a warrior, for it is dressed in armour
and is furnished with a pair of fierce-looking, staring
eyes, and has a horribly broad grin. It is just such
an idol as one might expect in this case, seeing that
Yoshitaune was a warrior. Besides this, the Ainns
have treated the image to an inao or two. There is
nothing more, and the Blu*ine is too small for a person
to enter.

AINU POLYTHEISM 243

Now, according to Ainu ideas and usages, it is
necessary to turn to the east in worshipping God, the
goddess of fire alone excepted. Hence the custom of
building all huts with the principal end facing the east. V
But the shrine of Yoshitsune is placed in such a position
that the worshippers would have to sit or stand with
their backs to the east. The image of Yoshitsune is
looked upon from the east ; hence, speaking from analogy,
it would appear that it is not the Ainu worshipping
Yoshitsune, but either Yoshitsune worshipping the
Ainu, or the Ainu insulting the Yoshitsune. Such a
conclusion may appear far-fetched; but, in any case,
the position of the shrine of Yoshitsune does not come
up to the acknowledged requirements of the Ainu ideas
of deity worship.

Again, the Ainu say that they would not worship
an idol because it would be directly against the ex-
pressed command of Aioina Karnui, their reputed
ancestor. The Ainu are, in many things, a very con-
servative people, and in the matter of religion particularly
so. Note the following incident. In the days of the
Tokugawa regime — so runs the tale — the Ainu were
ordered by the Government, or rather by the authorities
of Matsumai, to cut their hair in the Japanese fashion.
The result was a great meeting of the Yezo chiefs, which
ended in sending a deputation to beg that the order
might be countermanded, or at least sujBfered to lapse.
* For,' say the Ainu, * we could not go contrary to the

244 THE AINU OF JAPAN

•

customs of our ancestors without bringing down upon
us the wrath of the gods.* And though a few Ainu,
l)articularly those at Mori, did cut their hair as ordered,
the people as a whole were let off. If, Chen, a mere
change in the fashion of cutting the hair was resisted,
what would have been done to prevent the institution of
idol- worship ? Notwithstanding all this, there is still
the fact to be accounted for that some Ainu state that
Yoshitsune is worshipped by a few of their number, though
very seldom. What is the explanation ?

An Ainu himself shall answer the first question.
* You know,' says he, * we have for a long time been
subject to the Japanese Tono Sama and YaLiifiiny and
it has been to our interest that we should try to please
them as much as possible, so as not to bring down
trouble upon ourselves. As we know that Yoshitsune
did come among our ancestors, it was thought that
nothing would please the officials more than for them
to think that we really worship Yoshitsune, who was
himself a Japanese. And so it came to pass that the
shrine was asked for and obtained.'

This statement was made to the writer quite spon-
taneously and confidentially, along with many other
matters. Taken by itself, it might not be worth much ;
but, viewed with other things of the sort, it speaks
volumes. The spirit here unwittingly shown is happily
fast dying out, for the Ainu begin to see there is now but
one law for both peoples, and that there is justice ob-

A/\r ri'/vrni-'/.^ i/ .vr.

tainable even by them. Nevertlieless, the spirit iil)()ve
exemplified has been a real factor in the life and actions
of the Ainu people.

The secret of the second question turns upon the
meaning of the word * worship.' The word used by the
Ainu is ongatni, and the meaning is ' to bow to/ ' to
salute.' The Ainu are delightfully sharp in some
things, and this is one of them. An Ainu told me one
day, with a most benign grin, reaching almost from ear
to ear, that he did ongami (salute) Yoshitsune's shrine
or idol ; but as for otta inonno-itak, * praying to that
person,' neither he nor any one that he knew did so ;
and, as regards worn?, the ceremony of offering inao or
libations of wine to him, both he and many others were
always ready to do so, providing some one else would
find the sake !

Nor are the Ainu in any sense pantheists. The
pantheist, believing as he does that God is All, and as
such pervades everything and is everything— believing
that all things both spiritual and material came from
Him in the beginning, and will again return to Him in
the end — endeavours to account for all the diflferent
phases of Ufe and motion which he sees in things around
him and feels to be in him, by looking upon them as
mere pulsations of the life of the great AU. He accounts
for these phenomena by referring each of them to one
grand common centre. But the Ainu, being a thorough^ '
going polytheist, sees a separate deity in every single

246 THE AINU OF JAPAN

phenomenon in Nature. He finds a special god in every
diverse operation in the universe.
~' Hence^ as we find the pantheist looks upon every
kind and degree of life, be it that of a plant or an animal,
a reptile, fish, or bird, a man, a god, or an angel, as part
of the great universal All — a mere spark, so to speak, of
the Divine fire of the incomprehensible All-life — so, in
strict conformity with these principles, he hopes by-and-
by to be absorbed into deity as entirely as a drop of
water may become mixed up with and lost in the mighty
ocean, if cast into it. Nay, the pantheist believes that,
HO far as he himself is concerned, he shall at length,
after having passed into and out of innumerable bodies
and lived through many long cycles of ages, merge into
God. By so doing he thinks to attain unto an ever-
lasting unconscious serenity and quiescent nothing-
ness.

The Ainu reUgion has nothing of this. On the other
^J hand, an Ainu looks upon each separate kind of Kfe as
in itself perfect — as a complete individual unit, though
each living unit is confessedly dependent on a transcen-
dental power — a power outside of and above itself. His
own life is thought of as separate from the life of God.
Nevertheless, the earthly continuance of that life is en-
tirely dependent on the will of God. He hopes, therefore,
^•when the body dies, to live a personal conscious life
apart from God — a life of joy, happmess, and peace, in a
world beyond the grave, and to maintain for ever his own

AINU POLYTHEISM 247

distinct and proper personal identity. He believes, in a
sense, with David of old, that in ' God's presence (not in
absorption into Him) is fulness of joy, and at His right
hand are pleasures for evermore.'
I "" Thus it will be seen that these people have never
sunk so low in the scale of humanity as to dethrone God
altogether ; but they, like many other nations, have
given way to such exaggerated lawlessness as to divide
Him up indefinitely ; and not only so, but to assign to
Him both a good and an evil character, and thereby
detract from His perfect greatness. Hence, instead of
one absolute Lord of all, we hear of a great variety of
rulers, with various dispositions. We find, for example,
good and bad gods ; gods both of the masculine and also
of the feminine gender ; gods to be loved, honoured, and
worshipped ; others to be hated, feared, and avoided.
They have gods of war and gods of peace ; one power to
preside over storms, and another to bring peaceful, calm
weather. There are deities of the sun, moon, and stars ;
separate gods to take care of the land and the sea,
mountains, hills, and dales, lakes, ponds, springs, water-
falls, and rivers. There are gods of the clouds and rain,
thunder, lightning, and fire. There are special gods,
again, to preside over vegetable, animal, and rational
life; gods of each village, town, country, tribe, race,
and nation ; gods of the heights and depths ; gods who
reign in heaven above, in earth below, and in Hades
under the earth ; gods, again^ of health and sickness,

•>

248 THE'^ AINU OF JAPAN

of weal and woe ; gods, in fact» for almost every con-
c^vable object.

Yet, strange as it may at first sight appear, the
Ainu consider that there is One God towering above all,
who is the Maker of all the others, and to whom all are
responsible, for they are His servants and deputies. In
short, the Ainu consider the government of this world
to be carried on by the gods, who reside in the forces of
Nature, in the same way as countries are governed by
kings and their many officers in various departments.

It will now be readily understood that the Ainu do
not worship all the objects they call ' god ' ; for that
term is applied to beings who are conceived of as having
the most diverse natures, some being good and others
evil ; sonic benevolent and ever ready to bless, and
others malignant and seeking for an opportunity to
curse with pain and misfortune. This naturally leads
us on to a consideration of the Ainu word * god,' and
the special objects to which it is applied.

The Ainu term is Jxamui, which appears to come

from the same root as the Japanese word for God, which

is kanii. In the most ancient times of which we have

any knowledge, the form of the Japanese word was

ramu, which is still nearer the Ainu word ramui. In

fact, we are of opinion that the Japanese borrowed their

vord kamu from the Ainu kamui. This is not the

lace in which to discuss such a matter ; but after much

ireful thought, and after duly weighing such evidence

AINU POLYTHEISM 249

as could be obtained, we have formed the opinion that,
however unlikely it may at first sight appear, the
Japanese owe their word for * god ' to an Ainu source.

Now, looking at the word itself, and taking into
consideration its meaning, just as it stands, we find
that it means * he who,' or * that which,' * covers ' or

* overshadows.' If, however, we trace it further back still,
it means * that which is,' or * he who is highest,' or

* greatest,' or * best,' or * worst.' The first meaning, of
course, is to be preferred, because it is the simplest, and
does not require to be referred back to another term —
for the simplest is generally found to be the best.
Whichever of the two meanings are taken — for both or
either may be taken — both alike are found to be akin to
the word for * heaven,' and that in its turn has ' top ' or

* above ' for its root. And so we catch a glimpse of
what was in the Ainu mind when he first coined the
name for god. He seems to have looked upon him as
the great overshadowing Lord of all.

At the present day this word kamui is used very
extensively. It has various shades of meaning, which
vary if used before or after another word, and according
to the object to which it is applied. The ancient
Hebrews used to speak of the 'trees of God,'
' mountains of God,' and so on, when they intended to
give the idea of 'greatness,* or 'height,' or 'beauty,'
and such like qualities. So the Ainu speak at the
present day. Thus, for ' great trees,' we hear ' trees of

250 THE {AINU OF JAPAN

god ' ; for ' high mountains/ ^ mountains of god ' ; for
* large rivers,' ' rivers of god ' ; for * mighty winds/
' winds of god '; or for a ' beautiful flower ' we hear
' flower of god/ So, too, for a ' handsome face ' the
Ainu sometimes say ' face of god,* and a good and holy
man they would naturally call a ' man of god.' In strict
accordance with this we also find the people calling
bears by the name ' god,' or ' animals of god.' But it
must by no means be overlooked that the devil also, as
well as such evil diseases as small-pox, have the same
term kaimd appUed to them. In such cases a& these it
is evident that we cannot use the English term ' god ' :
nay, it cannot be translated in those cases. It seems
to be very like the Greek word daimofi, for that also
was applied to both good and evil objects.

By a careful analogy we find that, when the term
kamui is applied to good objects, it expresses the quality
of usefulness, beneficence, or of being exalted or divine.
When applied to supposed evil gods, it indicates that
which is most to be feared and dreaded. When applied
to devils, reptiles, and evil diseases, it signifies what is
most hateful, abominable, and repulsive. When applied
as a prefix to animals, fish or fowl, it represents the
greatest or fiercest, or the most useful for food or
clothing. When applied to persons, it is sometimes ex-
pressive of goodness, but more often is a mere title of
respect and reverence.

As, therefore, the Ainu apply their term for God to

AINU POLYTHEISM 251

such a variety of objects, both to the greatest and highest
good, and also to the lowest and most mahgnant evil — to
gods and devils, spirit and matter, reptile, animal, and
man— it is not surprising that very much superstition is
mixed up with their religion — that demonology is inter-
mingled with their theology, and that evil is mixed
with good. Hence, if we find that some of the Ainu
ideas of and remarks concerning God and religion are
full of contradictions, at one time high and sublime, at
another gross and repulsive — if sometimes He is repre-
sented as a material substance, and at others as a spiri-
tual Being, now as good, now as evil, and now as
indifferent — we shall not be surprised.

If, then, an Ainu were to formulate his creed of
religious beliefs and superstitions, it would be something
like this. At any rate, almost every Ainu would assent
to the following items as a concise summary of his
belief :

* 1. I beUeve in one supreme God, the Creator of all
worlds and places, who is the Possessor of heaven. Him
we call Kotnn kara kamui, moshiri kara kamui, kando
koro kamui — " God the Maker of places and worlds, and
Possessor of heaven."

' 2. I believe in the existence of a multitude of lesser
deities, all subject to this one Creator, who are His
servants, who receive their life and power from Him,
and who govern the world under Him.

' 8. I believe there are many evil as well as good gods,

2S2 THE AINU OF JAPAN

who are ever ready to inflict punishment for wicked
deeds.

' 4. I beUeve in Aioxna kamui as our ancestor, a man
become divine, and who has now the superintendence of
the Ainu race ; in a goddess of the son ; in a goddess
of fire ; in goddesses of the source, course, and mouths
of rivers ; in gods of mountains and forests ; in the gods
of animals ; in the gods of the sea, and in gods of skies
and all things contained therein.

' 6. I believe in demons, of whom the devil, called
Nitne kamui is chief ; and also that there are demons
who preside over accidents ; and I also believe that they
are the embodiment of evil influences.

'6.1 believe that the souls both of human beings and
animals arc immortal; that separated husbands and
wives will be rejoined hereafter ; that all people will be
judged, and the good rewarded, and the e^il punished.

'7.1 believe that the souls of departed animals act
as guardians to human beings.

' 8. I believe in ghosts ; that the departed spirits of
old women have a mighty power for harm, and that
they appear as very demons in nature.

' 9. I believe that there are three heavens, called re-
spectively " the high vanity skies," the '* star-bearing
skies," and ** the foggy heavens." I also believe that
there are six worlds below us.'

Such is a brief outline of the articles of Ainu faith

AINU POLYTHEISM 253

as they have so far come under my observation. Some
of them are curious and interesting, and worth more
than a passing thought ; others are beliefs common to
almost all peoples, and call for no special remark. But
all, it will be seen, have their foundation in the heart
of a distinctly religious people. Thus, then, though
Ave find that the Ainu have no professional priests and no
temples, yet we are again constrained to emphasise
the fact that they are an exceedingly religious race.
They see the hand of God in everything. The world,
indeed, is His temple, Nature His bock, every man His
priest, and each chief His high-priest.

Further, although the Ainu give so much thought to
religious matters, yet they have no special times for
religious exercises. There are no family prayers, and
they, of course, know nothing of Sunday, and have no
special high-days. Their great religious exercises take r
place on the occasion of a bear feast, removing into a
new house, and a death and burial.

TMB Aimr OP JAPAN

CHAPTEB XVm

INCIDBKI8 AND WORDS ILLdBTUTIVB OF AIKU
BBUOJOUB BELIEFS

One day, when coming down a river in a canoe with two
Aina, we chanced to pass some very bold cliffa which
ran aharply down into the water. There were several
oiieiiings in these rocks which led into deep and thickly-
woo<led della. The tops of the rooks were well wooded,
and at the base of them the water was dark, slow, and
deep, and had a series of gentle eddies in it. Altogether
the locality wiis exceedingly beautiful, quiet, and awe-
inspiring. On nearing this place the Ainu ceased
paddling the boat, took oflf then- head-dresses, became
quite silent, and only moved just enough to steer their
little craft. On asking why they did this, I was imme-
diately requested to remain silent for a short time, because
some special gods were said to have their home in that
place, and it behoved all men to keep silent when in the
presence of any deity.

After passing the cliffs we entered into converaalion
respecting this home of the gods. The Ainu stated
&a,t two kinds of deities were supposed to reside in this

AINU RELIGIOUS BELIEFS 255

place. The first were dryads, or gods of the forests.
These live in the dells, and keep watch over the cliflfs
and trees. They were both good and evil. To the
good, reverent, and god-fearing person they show them-
selves good and benevolent; but to the wicked, irreverent,
and ungodly they appear only in order to punish, and
then are looked upon as evil. Woe betide the person
who presumes to make a noise in their presence !

The other gods who dwell in this locality were the
water-nymphs. They were of three sorts or degrees.
The chief live in the centre of the eddy of water ; the
next preside over the water as it goes down the stream ;
and the third keep watch over the places where the
water comes up again. These gods also must be treated
with honour and respect, or they will revenge them-
selves by upsetting the boat and dragging the boatmen
and passengers to the bottom of the eddy, and there
drownmg them.

The Ainu have a song or tradition which teaches all
these things, and which they use to warn the women and
children against presuming to go too far on a river in a
boat. It is, however, too long to be quoted here.

The following incident is of the same class as the
one just described :

An old Ainu was once working for me in my garden.
It was the early spring, and the proper season for
digging up the ground preparatory to sowing and
planting the various seeds. Upon telling tha ^^

f THR AINU OF JAPAM

fellov to improre the ground \sj i
manure, that we might re^i a good and pltntiM
harreet, he replied to this effect; 'What! wOl yon, a
elergjrman and preacher of rdi^on, bo diBhonoar and
msolt the gods? Will not the gods give doe increase
vithont your attempting to force their hand or en-
deavouring to drive Nature ? * Considerably Barprised,
I looked at him to see if he were joking. Bat he vas
quite seriouB.

In the conversation which fbUowed it came oat that
the Ainu beheve strongly in tiw particular and special
providence of the gods, and consider that they must be
left alone to attend to their own special duties after
their own fashion. Human beings mu»t not attempt to
interfere ^ith their dispensations, and desire to get more
than the gods intend to freely bestow. It is the place
of the gods to look after men, and not of men to help
the gods. Man must bow, but the gods alone can give
the increase. After a long conversation with this old
man, it was easy to understand why the Ainn never
manure or attempt to improve their scraps of cultivated
land. Instead of this they change their garden plots
every second or third year, or even earlier, if the land
shows signs of exhaastion. The readiest explanation
that occurs to the stranger is idleness ; but the people
strenuously assert that this is not the case. However,
they are now very sensibly modifying their beliefs and
aotiODS in this respect.

AINU RELIGIOUS BEUEFS 257

From these incidents it is evident that the belief in
the special providence of the gods is an article of the
Ainu creed. It is they who cause the seeds to ger-
minate, the leaf to grow, the flower to blossom, and the
fruit to ripen. It is man's duty to honour them,
silently abide their time, and thankfully take what they
have to bestow.

It is an underlying principle va all languages that
the words used to describe consciousness, thoughts,
feelings, and the general activities of the soul, as well
as many religious expressions and ideas, were originally
applied to material objects and physical phenomena.
Thus, for example, spirit in its original signification was
* breath ' or * wind ' ; even m the Old and New Testaments
the same word is in one place translated by * spirit ' and
in another by * wind/ Angel is * messenger,' and by
some the word god itself is said to have originally
meant * good.' This principle is true of the Ainu mode
of speaking, for we find that they have taken many
words especially applicable to material phenomena, and
appUed them to spiritual objects.

The Ainu word UintHy which we will translate by
'brace' and then 'support,' is a noun, and is used
to designate a piece of wood used in building huts,
which forms the main support of the roof of the hut.
The tuntu is to a hut what the corner-stone is to a
house, or the key-stone to a vault or arch, or a pillar
to a balcony. We might not, perhaps, expect to hear

sfS THE AINU OF JAPAN

this vturd applied to ddty. NsrarOielMB, it ib very
often used l^ the Aina when oddzening God in pnjer,
and a thoughtful person will quickly see its Appropriate-
ness as a dimie name. For, after dae consideration
of the word, and the difEerent objects to which it is
applied, we are led to conolnde Uiat when the Aina
pray to Ood as the Tuntu of the world tiiey conoeiTe of
Him as being its living ' brace,* ' support,* ' pillar,* ' sns-
tainer,' and ' upholder.* It reminds one of 8t. Paul's
words, where he says, ' By Him all things ctmsist.*

Further, the Ainu conceive this 3\ntH as an in-
telligent power, and hence they delight to account for
each Btep in every phenomenon of Nature which comes
under their notice, by referring it back, though often
through numerous and particular agencies, to that
living power, the intelligent Tuntti or ' support * of
the universe. This being ia sometimes spoken of as
tlio ' Creator ' of all, and hence we are taught that
the Ainu look upon Him as not only in the world,
and holding it together, but also outside of it, and
making it, and therefore transcending it. He is its
summit, centre, and foundation, its originator and
mighty 'support.'

The Ainu also use the word shitida, which means
'cradle.' I have sometimes heard the Ainu address-
ing God aa the ' cradle ' of men when at prayer. At
other times he ia called ' the god who rears us,' then
' she who feeds us,' and ' she who brings us up.* On

AINU REUGIOUS BELIEFS 259

other occasions this god is addressed as ' grandmother
god/ or *old woman god,' and then as 'fire god.'
After duly considering these facts, and the Ainu ideas
concerning them, we find that the god whose province
it is to 'rear,' 'nurse,' 'nourish,' and 'bring up'
people, as well as comfort them in general, is believed
to dwell in the fire, and to be of the feminine gender.
This goddess is not only supposed to nourish mankind,
but also to have great power over all kinds of sickness
and disease. Hence it is that grace is said to her
before meat, and a few drops of liquor given to her
before drinking. Hence, too, the fire is particularly
requested to have mercy upon and to heal the sick,
and also to bless a newly-married couple, and make
them happy.

Ainu babies, as we have seen, are left hanging in
their cradles quite alone for hours, while their mothers
have gone far away to work in the gardens, or to
bring in firewood from the mountains. Of course
the little ones cry lustily for their mothers sometimes,
but they soon learn the virtue of quiet patience, and
to know that, after all, they are not forsaken, but are
in a safe and secure place. So, say they, human
beings should exercise the like patience, knowing that
whatever happens they are not forsaken by God, and
are secure in His keeping.

How natural it seems that the thoughts and ap-
pellations of everyday life, and words in daily use,

26o THE AINU OF JAPAN

should be taken and affiled to the great 'cradle* of
ally the ^noorisher^ of every person, the great 'all-
mother/ or. as we should say, the great 'aU-Eather/
How natural, again, that these words should be taken
and applied to the material fire which warms the body
and <L\x>ks the food. Doubly natural does this appear
when we consider that in the Ainu idea heat is looked
upon as life, and t\4JHe*4 as death. In fact, the best
way of saying 'good-bye* to a person is to use the
expression, Popke ho *»kai ytm — that is, * May yon be
kept warm.*

The idea underlying tbt* uame * cradle ' when ap-
plied to God appears to W this. Just as a child is
iiurstrd iu the bosom of a cnulle, and is made comfort-
able, aud kept free from danger iu it, so all men are
brought up and nursed, as it were, in the lK)som of
Got! ; for He is the Creator, support, sustainer of the
universe, and the prv>tector and nourisher of all mankind.
The word turrii is very curious, and, like tlie name
for Goil, can K* applied to l>oth good and evil objects.
It signifies • to be inspired by the gods/ as when a prophet
prophesies ; then to be possessed with a devil ; then to
be afflicted with disease as a punishment for e\~il deeds ;
next to receive special blessings from God ; and lastly to
have God*s protection, as when engaged in Si.>me great or
dangerous undertaking.

What particular meaning is intended iu any given
passage is to be explained by the context, and the

AINU RELIGIOUS BELIEFS 261

common sense of the listener. The particle % is some-
times prefixed to twreuy making ituren. When this is
done it makes the word stronger, or intensifies the
meaning. It is used especially when God is thought of
as the inspiring, guiding, guarding, protecting Angel of
human beings. Every Ainu hut is supposed to have
its special guardian god, who is thought to rest upon the
roof when the master is at home, and give warning of
approaching danger, and who accompanies the head of
a family when he goes forth to his wars and on his
hunting expeditions. They believe also that there is a
special protecting angel for each individual.

Thus, then, we learn that the Ainu look upon God —
first, as the Creator of the world and its Preserver;
secondly, as the Providential Father and sustainer of
mankind in general ; and thirdly, as the guardian and
special protecting Angel of each individual person.
They also believe that every man has a faculty implanted
in his nature by means of which he can know God, and
commune with Him in prayer.

1 !u AIM < '/■ A //v;.\

CHAPTER XIX

RELIOIOUS LBOENDS

It mast not be supposed that the various articles of Ainu
religious and superstitious faith are arranged in the
mind of the people in the order in which they have been
arranged at the close of the preceding chapter. Neither
those items which have reference to the order and nature
of the gods, nor those which have to do with the work
and nature of the demons, are thought of by them in
such order. Although the Creator of all things is
naturally looked upon as the God of all gods, yet He is I

thought to have brought all things into existence in the
beginning, and to have continually governed the whole
universe ever since, not immediately by His own power,
but by means of many living, personal intermediaries,
who are all constituted chiefs in their own domain, who
have all their special sphere and work, and who have
angels to assist them in the execution of their duties.

These intermediaries are of various degrees of order,

power, and authority ; they are, in fact, what we might

call laws of Nature invested with life, intelligence, and

power. Some were appointed to create, others to

RELIGIOUS LEGENDS 263

beautify, and some again to fructify the earth. One was
ordered to rule the sun, another to attend to fire, a third
to govern rivers, and so on. These rulers or living laws,
however, exist not in their own right or by their own
power, but by the will of a greater and more powerful
personified Law behind them. He is the Almighty
Power, the ever-living, vitalising, intelligent force of all
Nature and being. All other divine beings, whatever
their grade may be, are directly responsible to Him.
They stand somewhat in the same relation to Him as
a child does to its parents, or subjects to their rulers.
Nevertheless, traditions inform us that the gods gather
themselves together and consult with one another as to
ways and means before they act, the Creator, of course,
acting as president, just in the same way as the Ainu
chiefs used to meet together for consultation before they
acted. In short, the Ainu invest the gods with their
own manners and customs and modes of thought and
action.

By this we can easily understand how it is that, after
the Creator, now this and now that god is spoken of as
chief. Supposing, for instance, a person is sick, and the
people have met together, as is their custom at such
times, to pray that the sick one may be healed. The
fire goddess, who is believed to be able to purify the
body and heal disease, will be worshipped. Thus for a
time she is uppermost in the mind, and the remembrance
of the existence of all other gods, whether abo^^ orcV^^^^s^a

264 THE AINU OF JAPAN

her, will be as it were in abeyance. Sappoee, agiini that
a man is going oat to sea to oatch fish, what is more
natural than that he shonld, particularly if he observes
a storm coming on, call upon the god of fine weather to
come to his aid ? This is ezacfly what he does. Here
then we see at one time one power, and at another
time another god, standing at the head of affiirB.

But we must be careful not to allow such instances
to mislead us. Nothing is more easy than for an on-
looker to get hold of an altogether heterodox opinion
with regard to these things, and to imagine himself to
be holding the orthodox faith. On carefully considering
these matters, and after watching for years the actions
of the Ainu under many peculiar circumstauces, we find
that, little as it might at first sight appear, the idea of
mediation is very deeply rooted in the Ainu nature. If,
for instance, they find that the particular god they are
worshipping does not answer their prayer, they leave
him and go to the Creator — the Fountain-head — ^Himself
to see what He will do for them. Nay, they even^some-
times go so far as to accuse the lesser deity to the greater
of not doing his duty !

Upon asking these people why they do not go in the
first instance directly to the Creator Himself, and not
depend upon such intermediaries as the fire goddess,
who, it seems, is not reliable at all times, they say, ' As
God has appointed these intermediaries as channels
tbrongYi which we are to approach Him, we must, or

RELIGIOUS LEGENDS 265

rather certainly ought, to do as He directs us, and not
as we choose in this matter. If He has appointed means
of approach to Himself, we ought to avail ourselves of
those means, and not make others for ourselves.' They
also say that neither the goddess of fire nor any other
deity has power of will and choice to do just as they
please. We are informed that the goddess of fire,
besides her many other names, such as * the Nourishing
god,' ' the Cradle god,' and others, is also called * the
Divine Messenger,' or the * Divine Angel ' ; and that she
acts as a mediator between God and men. Thus we
arrive at the true Ainu ideas of the particular offices of
what we might very justifiably call their secondary gods.
They were made jiYBt to do God's will in the universe,
especially with respect to human beings ; secondly, they
are the servants of God's worshippers, and act as a
medium through whom prayers go to Him, and the
answers return to them.

We have seen that the Ainu look upon this God as
the source of all life and being, the maker of men and
so-called gods, the upholder of all things, and the
dispenser of all authority to His servants. We have
also seen that when this august Being intends to reach
earth and men. He always acts through the lower orders
of gods as His medium or means of communication, and
so never does anything immediately Himself, that is to
say, so far as our experience goes. Yet, although He is
not supposed to work directly Himself, but always acts

966 THB AINV OF JAPAN

throDgb oUmts, we find tlutt 'Bn u not eonoeived of m
idle, or merely ritting in the heavenB like a maehine, uid
selfishly happy in His oim emitemplation, and emelly
disregarding Hie creatorea. Nay, He takes an interest
in all that is going on in the vorld, and is always
saperintending the many offieers of His government.
However, these servants of His are sometimes remiss,
and do not exeeate His orders properly. Hence, if there
arc some things in this world which tr« think are not
qaite as they ought to he, it is not becanse the Creator
has been or is careless, bnt becanse His agents have not
proper]}' carried out His instructions, and also because
the evil one is always endeavouring to frustrate Hig
designs and supplant His counsels. For, be it remem-
bered, the Ainu think that there are careless and
Dnfiiithful servants of God in heaven above, as there
are evil and faithless servants of men in earth be-
neath. They believe there are fiends amongst the an-
gelic beings, as there are among the terrestrial bodies
of men. The following legends will illustrate these
and many other points connected with this part of oar
subject.

One day, as I was walking towards the sea-shore with
an Ainu, and talking about the west coast of Yezo, which
is very rocky, and saying that it would have been much
more useful had the shore been more flat, he rebuked
me, and said that I ought not to murmur at these things,
for I thereby reflected upon the good works of Gk»d. In

RELIGIOUS LEGENDS 267

the course of conversation he volunteered the following
legend as bearing upon the point at issue :

* It is said that the island of Yezo was made by two
gods, a male and a female, who were the deputies of the
Creator. The female god had the west coast allotted to
her as her portion of work, and the male god had the
south and eastern parts assigned to him. They vied
with each other in their tasks. As the goddess was
proceeding with her work, she happened to meet with
the sister of Aioina Kamui, and, instead of attending to
her duties, stopped in her work to have a chat with her,
as is the general custom of w^omen. Whilst they were
talking, the male god worked away and nearly finished
his portion of labour. Upon seeing this, the female god
became very much frightened, and, in order not to be
behind time, did her work hurriedly and in a slovenly
manner. Hence it is that the west coast of Yezo is so
rugged and dangerous. If, therefore, anyone is disposed
to gi-umble at the very rough and dangerous condition
of the west coast of Yezo, he should remember that it is
not the Creator Himself who is at fault in this matter,
but His deputy. The chattering propensity of the
goddess was the original cause.'

This legend is sometimes quoted to women who are
given to talking overmuch, and the moral drawn from it
is this : * Set a watch over your lips and attend to
your duties, for see how rough the west coast of Yezo is,
and that all owing to a chattering goddess.'

26S THE AINU OF JAPAN

Ainu ideas are apt to become, as this legend shows,
very anthropomorphic and materialisticj e specia lly when
they are thinking and speaking of Greati<in and its
agents. The minor gods who made Teso are spoken of
as though they were human beings, one of the masculine
and the other of the feminine gender. Nor must it be sup-
posed that they could work without tools, any more than
human beings can. Hence, when the world was formed,
the principal tools used were mighty hammers and axes.
Where the materials came from is not stated; they
came, that was all. There is a large rock upon the sea-
coast near Moruren called Mnkara-so, ' Axe Kock.* This
rock is said to be the axe with which one of the gods
worked in making Yezo. It remains where he threw it
down, for no man can move that mighty tool.

Some persons, again, take umbrage at the existence
of rats, and others of cats. But let such people con-
sider why these creatures were made. One night a rat
attempted to procure, from the head of my landlord, a
little human hair, with which to make its nest. The
morning after the rat had aroused him from sleep by
pulling his hair, we had a conversation on the subject
of these vermui. I suppose I must have spoken too
strongly against rats, for the old man again rebuked me,
and bade me know that all things were made for a good
purpose, and we should not, .therefore, complain at any-
thing. He went on to say: 'After the Creator had
fuisbed making the world. He came down from heaven

to see how all things looked. As He was viewing Ilis
works, the evil one appeared, and derided Him, saying :
** Doubtless you think you have done a very good action,
and have made ail things for the best. But look at this
bramble bush and thistle, what can be the use of such
things as these ? " God was angry at these remarks,
BO He put His hands behind His back and secretly
created a rat. As soon as the rat was made, it rushed
into the evil one's mouth, and bit out his tongue, thus
leaving him tongueless. Hence, the evil one has no
tongue to the present day, for it never grew again. He
was so angry at being thus treated that, in order to
retaliate, he caused rats to increase so mightily upon
the earth that they soon became a nuisance and plague
to men. For this reason the Ainu met together one
day, and called upon God to remedy the evil ; for unless
He did so, men would no longer be able to live m the
world. God, who is ever willing to help human beings,
heard the prayer, and in order to keep the rats under,
created cats. Let us, therefore,' said the old man,
* bear with rats a little, for they did a good thing in
biting out the tongue of the evil one. Moreover, do
not speak against anything God has created, for see how
He punished the evil one for doing so.'

Among all the feathered tribe of Yezo there is no
bird so saucy and bold as the crow. It has been known
to fly into the ^huts and take the food from the very
vessels out of which the people have been eating, and

370 THE AINU OF JAPAN

to settle upon bondles of fiib while the men and women
have been io the act of oariTiiig them upon their haeka.
On talking this matter over with an Aina, he informed
me that crows had reason to be saQoy, and, as tht^
onoe did a good thing for human beings, we must not
grumble about them. Hia t^e ran thus :

' When Ood created the world, the evil one did all
he could to fruetrate HIb designs, especially with regard
to human beings. Now, after all things were made, the
evil one perceived that men could not possibly live
without the light and warmth-giving sun. He, therefore,
mado up his mind to destroy that beautiful and useful
work of creation, aud thereby injure men. So he got
up early one moruing, long before the Bun had risen,
with tbe intention of swallowing it. But God knew of
Iiis designs, and made a crow eircumveot them, ^\'hen
the sun was rising, the evil one came along and opened
his mouth to swallow it ; but the crow, who was lying
in wait, flew down his throat, and so saved the sun.
Hence the crows, remembering tbe benefits they once
conferred upon the human race, have an idea that they
may do just as they like with men, and hve apon the
food they provide for themselves and families. Thus we
find that they have good cause for being bold and sancy,
and it is not for men to say that crows are useless
creatures.'

One would think that if human beings might grumble
at anything at all it would be at those dreadful pests —

RELIGIOUS LEGENDS 271

gnats, mosquitoes, and gadflies. As far as Yezo is con-
cerned, these creatures are enough to try anyone's
temper. But the Ainu bear even these torments
patiently. Mosquitoes and ail that family of flies are
much better than hobgoblins ; for hobgoblins take the
blood, flesh, and bones, whilst mosquitoes suck only a
little of the blood.

The following legend will give some idea of what
the Ainu think on this subject. The story is sometimes
told to children, and generally with good effect, to prevent
them from straying away into the forests.

*Once upon a time, many many years ago, there
was a great hobgoblin, who had his home far away in
the midst of the mountains of Ainuland. In bodily
shape he was hke a man. His carcase was exceedingly
large, and was closely covered with hair. In fact, his
skin was like that of a bear, so hairy was he. However,
he had only one eye, and that was situated in the middle
of his forehead, and was as large as a common pot-lid.
This creature was a very great nuisance to the Ainu,
for he had such a tremendous appetite that he actually
was in the habit of catching, killing, and eating every-
thing and anybody coming in his way. For this reason
the people were afraid to go far into the mountains to
hunt, for though the one-eyed monster had been shot
at several times, not an arrow had yet taken effect upon
him. Now, it happened one day, that a brave hunter,
who was an expert with the bow, unconsciously went

272 THE AINU OF JAPAN

near the haunt of this cannibal. While he was in
pursuit of game, he was astonished to see somettuDg
brightly glaring at him through the undergrowth of the
forest. Upon drawing near to see what it was, he
discovered it to be the big-bodied, hairy, fierce-looking
hobgoblin. When he saw what it was, the hunter
became so frightened that he knew not what to do ; but
he soon mustered sufficient courage to draw an arrow
from his quiyer, fit it in his bow, and stand on the
defensive. As the creature drew nigh, the Ainu took a
steady and deadly aim at his solitary eye, and, being a
good shot, hit it fair in the centre. The hobgoblin im-
mediately tumbled down dead, for the eye was the only
vital part of his body. To make sure that so foul a
creature and so deadly an enemy was quite killed, and
would not again return to life to trouble the people, the
brave hunter made a great bonfire over his body and
burnt it quite up, bones and all. When this was done,
he took the ashes in his hands and scattered them in
the air, so as to make perfectly sure that the monster
was thorouglily destroyed. But, lo ! the ashes became
gnats, mosquitoes, and gadflies, as they were toss^
upwards. However, we must not grumble at these
things, for the lesser evil of flies is not so bad as the
greater evil of having the one-eyed, man-eating monster
amongst us.'

The foregoing legends have been brought forward
here with the special purpose of showing Ainu ideas as

RELIGIOUS LEGENDS 273

to how the world and all things therein contained was
brought into existence. By them we see that the Ainu
refer them all to the special creative act of God. We
find that they are neither thought of as heing eternal,
nor as owing origin to chance, nor as having been
evolved. They were brought into existence by the
Creator when He pleased, and as occasion required.
Some He made merely because He willed to make them.
Others, again, He made as means to punish the evil
one for his wickedness. Hence, we find it to be the
fact that, amongst other things, the Ainus beUeve in the
existence of one supreme God, the Creator of all, and
in a multitude of lesser deities, all subject to Him.

The deity who is supposed to hold the most impor-
tant office next the great Creator of all may be said to
be the goddess of the sun, for she is conceived of as
being the special ruler of the good things God has made
and fixed in the universe. The Ainu are beUevers in
a god of the moon. Some of them consider the moon
to be the female principle, and the sun the male, and
others vice versd ; but the majority speak of the sun as
though it were of the feminine gender. However,
neither the sun nor the moon is extensively worshipped
by the Ainu, though some persons, few in number, may
be met with who pay their respects to these useful works
of creation.

The sun is really supposed to be rather the vehicle
of a goddess, who is its ruler, than a goddess itself. It

«74 THE AINV OF JAPAN

IB, therefore, not the bob that the Ainu worship, bnt
the goddesB who resideB in the son, uid whose bri^t-
nees shines throngh it. Tet it is exceedingly interesting
and cnrions to learn that this goddeas who lives in the
Bun and the god who lives in the moon are the very
life or Bonl of these nsefhl objects. Take the goddess
from the boo, and immediately all becomes darkness
and blackness by day ; and abolish the god of the moon,
and there will not be a speck of li^t in the ni^t.
Hence it is that the Ainn, like so many uncivilised
peoples, fear a total oc partial eclipse of the son. jk_
moon.

In 1887 an eclipse of the sun occurred, and I
olackcncd some glass, so as to enable an Ainn to see the
eclipse when it took place. At the proper time webadehim
look at the sun. Immediately tbe exclamation rang out :
Chup Tai, chup rat, ' The luminary is dying, the sun is
dying.' Another person called out : Ckitp chikai anu,
' The sun ia faintiug awny/ or ' The luminary is suddenly
dying.' This is aU that was said ; silence ensued, and
only now and then an exclamation of surprise or fear
was to be beard. But it was plainly evident that the
people were in fear lest the eclipse should be total, in
which case the sun miglit quite die away and not
come to life again, and so all living beings would
perish.

It might be expected that the Ainu would worship
the sun at this particular time ; but such is not the case.

RELIGIOUS LEGENDS 275

They are consistent, and treat the sun as they do a
dying or fainting person. When a person is dying-on
one occasion when I was present — one of the company
will either fill his mouth with fresh water, and squirt it
into the sufferer's face and bosom, or will bring water in
a vessel of some kind, and sprinkle him with his hand,
thereby attempting, to revive him. In like manner,
when there is an eclipse, particularly a total eclipse, of
the sun, the people bring water and sprinkle it upward
towards that luminary, thinking thereby to revive it, at
the same time calling out, Kamni-atemka, Kamm-atemkay
* god, we revive thee ! god, we revive thee ! ' If the
water is sprinkled with branches of willow, it is sup-
posed to have special efficacy and power in bringing the
sun back to life.

The sun having been restored to his normal condition
of brightness and glory, the cunning old sake drinkers
have a fine pretext for getting intoxicated. Of course
libations of wine must be held in honour of the sun's
recovery from faintness and return to life, and the
subject must be duly talked over, and ancient instances
of a like occurrence recited. But a few cups of sake
soon cause the talkers to speak what is not true or
reliable, and they are not long before they begin to
show signs of being in a somewhat maudlin state.

Sober Ainu traditions of eclipses are all of one
stamp, and run thus :

'When my father was a child he heard his old

8 2

THE AIXU OF JAPAN

t say that hi$ grandfather saw a total ecUpee
(tf the ann. The earth became quite dark, and shadovs
ccnild not be seen : the birds went to roost, and the
dogs begftn to hoiri. Tho UmIe, de«d Ban shot oat
tongaos <tf fire and lightning frcan its ridee, ftod the
Btara shone brightly. Then the son begui to retoTD to
life, and the faces of the people vore an aspect of death ;
and as the son gradoally eame to life, then men b^[an
to live again.*

Eclipaes are quite inexplioable to the Ainu; mtL.hKn
I ever heard a single Xhaaij advanoed with refbrence to
their causes.

There is not much to be said about the stars, except
that they are not worshipped ; though the term used for
god is sometimes, but not generally, applied to them.
The term ' god ' is merely ased of them on account of their
usefulness in the system of Natnre, particularly out of
regard to their usefulness in giving light. Comets are
known by the name of ' broom star ' ; and the Milky
Way is called ' the picture of the crooked river.' This
' crooked river ' or Milky Way is also sometimes called
' the river of the gods ; ' and the various deities are sap-
posed to spend much of their time upon this ' river ' in
catching fish. The appearance of a comet is regarded
with fear and consternation ; for it is tbonght to be the
sure forerunner of some dreadful calamity, as, for in-
stance, war, disease, famine, or death.

The deity who is generally looked upon as standing

REUGIOUS LEGENDS 277

next in order to the goddess of the sun is one already
described at some length, namely, the goddess of fire.
She is conceived of as being both useful and awful :
useful, inasmuch as she warms the body, heals it when
ill, and cooks its food; awful, inasmuch as she is a
special witness to note the acts and words of men and
women. It is she who will appear either for or against
us at the Judgment Day. She will present the great
Judge of all with a perfect picture of every word and
action of each individual human being, and there can
be no avoiding her. Thus every person will be re-
warded or punished hereafter according to the repre-
sentations of the goddess of fire. We can, therefore,
easily understand the great importance the Ainu
attach to fire-worship. But here again we must be
careful not to think that it is the fire itself which is
worshipped. Fire is not worshipped, but a goddess who
is supposed to dwell in the fii*e, and whose vehicle the
fire is thought to be. This is a subtle distinction, but it
is nevertheless true.

It is curious that the ideas of the Ainu as to the
shape of the world differ from those of the ancient
Japanese and Chinese ; for while these considered it to
be flat, the Ainu look upon it as being round. Accord- ^/'
ing to them, the world is a vast round ocean, in the
midst of which are very many islands, or worlds, or
countries, each governed by its own special orders of
gods. In fact, the Ainu have no word for the whole

a78 THE AiNU OF JAPAN

world or universe. Islets in rivers and lakes, islands in
the sea, and mighty continents are all called by the same
name ^MeoaAin, i.e. ' floating or swimming earth ' ; but
whether an islet, or island, or comitry is intended is made
known by acyectives. Thus Rep-un-moshiri is, ' land in
the sea,' i.o. an island; $hamon or Sainoro moskiri,
Japan, i.c. ' the island next to us/ Upon asking the
people why they supposed the world, taken as whole, to
be round, they replied 'that it was because the sun
rises in the east, sets in the west, and comes up the next
morning in the east again.'

Earthquakes are accounted for in the same way as
the Japanese used to account for them. That is to say,
the world, or the various islands composing the world,
are supposed to be resting upon the back of a great
fi.sh, which the Ainu call moshiri ikkvur chrj), i.c. 'the
backbone fish of the world ' ; so that whenever this fish
moves it naturally causes the islands founded upon it
to shake.

The mention of this earthquake fish, which is sup-
posed to be a large trout, brings to my mind a legend
which an Ainu once recited to me, and with which I will
close this chapter :

' At the source of the Saru Eiver there is a large
lake. In this lake there was a monster trout, which was
BO big that it used to flap its [pectoral] fins at one end
and wave its tail at the other.

' Then the honourable ancestors met and went to kill

REUGIOUS LEGENDS 279

this fish, but found themselves unable to accomplish
their end, though they attempted to do so for many
days.

' Because, then, they very much desired to kill the
fish, the gods, who had a special regard for Ainu-land,
sent help from heaven.

'And, the gods descending, they seized the great
trout with their hands [claws].

* Upon this it plunged mightily, and went to the
bottom of the lake with great force.

' Then the gods put forth all their power, and, drawing
the great trout to the surface of the water, brought it
ashore.

* Upon this all the honourable ancestors drew their
swords and chopped the fish till they quite killed it.

* It is said that this mighty trout was in the habit,
not only of swallowing animals, such as deer and bears,
that might come to the shores of the lake to drink, but
would sometimes swallow up men, women, and children ;
nay, not only so, but even whole boats full of people !
Yes, boats and all ! Hence it was that the ancients
were so anxious to slay this monster.'

The Ainu appear to have a special dread of large
lakes, because they say that every now and again one of
these monster fish suddenly appears, and commences its
destructive work of swallowing animals and human
beings. Only a few hundred years ago, say they, one of
these awful fish was found dead upon the shores of the

28o

THE AINU OF JAPAN

Skikot to (Ghitoee lake). This monBter had swallowed a
large deeryhoms and all ; but the homa caused a severe
attack of indigestion to come on^ which the fish could
not get over ; nay, the horns were so long that they
protruded from its stomach and caused its death.

28 1

CHAPTER XX

CAUSES OF AINU DECREASE

There is a tradition among the Saghalien Ainu to
the effect that the pit-dwelling dwarfs were their ^
ancestors. If they are really descended from these
' dwarfs/ the race has certainly very much improved,
for the Saghalien Ainu are fine, strong-looking people.
Of course it may possibly be the fact that the Ainu as ^
well as the Koropok-guru lived in holes. Such an idea
does away with any necessity for believing that the
Saghalien Ainu are the children of * dwarfs.' They are
most certainly akin to the Yezo Ainu. Their language
is Ainu. The people are as hairy as the Ainu. Their
manners and customs correspond ; they call themselves
by the name Ainu; and, like the Yezo Ainu, they
worship bears.

The Ainu account for their origin in the name Ainu,
by which they are known. The name, say they, of their
most ancient forefathers was Aioina KamuL Aioina is>/
the proper name, but Kamui is merely a title of honour
and respect. Aioina's descendants were first called
Aioina rak guru, ' persons smelling of,' or * having the \

aSa THE AINU OF JAPAN

of Aioina/ and Uub, aooording to Aina idiom, is
equal to saying MeBeeQdaiit8.x>f..Aioiiia.' This name
being too long, the people, at an early date, changed it
into Ainu TQkgwnk\ and in later timee they dropped the
Tok gurUf and called themselyes Xinu. Many of them,
particularly their old men, are well pleased even now to \
be called Aioina rak gurun That Aioina had a real ex-^
istence seems highly probable, for his is the only hiunan
spirit worshipped by the Ainu.

If this derivation be true, the word Ainu loses its
proper meaning, viz. that of * man ' or ' men/ It is
more probable that Aioina was some religions teacher,
and that Aioina rak guru really means 'persons obeying
the instructions * or * holding the traditions.' Oina is
a word meaning first * ancient,' then imssing to the
meaning *to relate ancient traditions.' Aioina is the
passive form of the verb, and means * to be related or
told.' AioifKt signifies * to hold the traditions which
have been handed down.' Aioina rak tjuru (rak means
* to smell of ' or * to have,' and guru means ' person or
persons ') signifies * persons obeying the instructions ' or
'traditions,' and hence, Aioina Kamui was a 'great
teacher of traditions.' This derivation is both reason-
able and natural, and it does away with the necessity
for destroying the meaning of the proper name Ainu,
' men.'

If this derivation, here set forth for the first time, is
not thought to be satisfactory, we may say, although the

CAUSES OF AINU DECREASE 283

word Ainu does, in everyday language mean ' man * or
* men,' and nothing but * man ' or ' men/ just as shiwentep
means * woman * or * women,' it may also once have had
another meaning, viz. * tradition hearers or obeyers,' or
' holders of traditions.^

There is a place in Volcano Bay upon Yezo, close
to Tokkari, which is called Oinaushi, which means * the
place of traditions.' It received this name because those
ancient Ainu who used to trade with the Japanese
generally met at this place and put to sea together.
They met there from all parts, and were in the habit of
telling one another the traditions of their districts and
the news of the day. Hence the name Oina-ushi, * the
place of traditions.'

There is another tradition accounting for the origin
of the Ainu, told me several years ago by an old man.
A person named Okikurumi was the true Ainu ancestor. ,
He is said to have descended from heaven to a mountain
in Piratori at a very early date. He had a wife who
was called Turesh, and is always known by the name
Okikurumi Turesh Machi. This lady bore a son, whom
they called Wariunekuru, and it is from Wariunekuru
that the Ainu are descended. But other persons say
that Okikurumi was not the Ainu ancestor at all, but
was sent by the chief god, the Creator, to teach the
Ainu religion and law, and that his son Wariunekuru
taught the common arts of daily life.

After more mature knowledge of the Ainu, I have

3S4 THE AINU OF JAPAN

oome to the condiuuon that Okikiinimi here stands for
Yoehitsune, a Japanese hero, ahready referred to in
Chapter YIU. p. 119. Kwrwmi is an ancient Aina word
for ' a male Japanese ' ; but it is not in nse now, althoaj^
the word KwvomA^ ' a female Japanese/ is used daflj.
The terminations mi and mat mean ' male ' and * female '
respectively.

Dr. A. Pfizmaier, of Vienna, who obtained his in-
formation of the Ainu from a Japanese work entitled
Moshiogtisa, calls this people Aino or Ainos, and then
says that Aino means * bow-men.' This is not correct ;
for, in the first place, Aino is not the name of this people ;
and, in the second place, even if it were their proper
name, it could not ix)S8ibly mean * bow-men.'

In ancient times the Ainu must have been very
much more numerous than they are now, for unless
tliey were so, it is difficult to account for the names of
very many places all over Japan, which are purely Ainu
words. But the people have greatly decreased, and are
, now slowly, but surely, passing away. And the reason
for this is not far to seek.

/ In the first place, it should be remembered that
/wars of extermination were carried on by the ancient
N^apanese against the Ainu. One need only mention
in this connection two names which every Japanese
schoolboy knows well, viz. Jimmu Ten no sama, and
Saka no ue no Tamura "Naru. In much later times
the governors of Matsumai, in Yezo, did their share

CAUSES OF AINU DECREASE 285

of this work. These are historical facts, and require no
comment. ' \

^ The second cause for Ainu decrease is due to exposure^/
We have seen what Ainu huts and clothing are like.
Then the fact must be borne in mind that the Ainu had
no medicines or medical men ; so that when a persoiy
became ill he simply wrapped his head in a cloth aj^d'
laid down to die. Small-pox, it is said, has devastated

^sfbateTiflagBs.

Further, the intense longing fcjr intoxicating^ driaJja
has done awful evil in the past, and is still eating the "^ ^
life out of the people. This taste and longing, as we
have seen, was fostered and encouraged by their con-
querors for ages, and has undermined the Ainu constitu- ^
tions, sapped their strength, and taken nearly all that
is manly from their souls.

(^ Europeans also whilst travelling amongst the Ainu
have encouraged this longing passion for strong drink
by giving them liquor. Not only is this desire for strong
drink fostered by those whose business it is to sell wine,
but persons will give them a tub of rice wine merely to ^'
see a single dance !

The Ainu mil drink if they can obtain the liquor.
I once had an Ainu in Hakodate teaching me his
language. I did all I could to keep that man from
drinking. But the fiend was too strong upon him, and
held him with far too firm a grip. He used to get out
of the window at night after I had retired to rest and

386 THE AINU OF JAPAN

obtain drink. Sometimes a friend ivonld bring him
drink after dark, and smngi^e it through the window
into the house* I smelt his breath one day, and went
down to his room and searched for his bottle, and I
found it snugly hidden under the floor I Drunkenness,
therefore, must go in the catalogue of causes for the
decrease of the Ainu ; for we all know the effect of
strong drink upon the human mind and frame, and
upon the drunkard's childrenf

Petty wars and quarrels , which the Ainu used to get
^p amongst themselves, have also done their share in
this work. Sometimes a whole district would make war
upon its neighbour, and at other times a village would
quarrel with another, and have a fight. Sometimes the
people used to fight with their bows and arrows, and
at others with stones and sticks. What ancient swords
the Ainu now have amongst their treasures are all of
Japanese make ; though, strange to say, they used to wear
them suspended from the shoulder, and not in the girdle,
as the Japanese did. The spears, also, are of Japanese
manufacture ; we may therefore dispense with swords
and spears as being not of native origin.

The wooden war-clubs which I have spoken of in'
Chapter IX. p. 132, seem to be entirely Ainu, for I have
never seen any amongst the Japanese. The bows and
arrows are likewise Ainu instruments. Most likely the
ancients used fiint heads for their arrows, and there is
evidence to show that either the Ainu or the race that

CAUSES OF AINU DECREASE 287

lived in Tezo and Japan before them used flint and stone
heads to their spears.

The Ainu also wore armour in their wars; but it
was of a very light kind, consisting entirely of leather.
Some of them, however, wore Japanese armour, which
they took from the dead in warfare. This is also one way
in which they came by their swords and spears.

They also seem to have been in the habit of fighting
with daggers. These were simply pointed knives about
six inches long. The Ainu used to manufacture these
from the broken Japanese swords and spears that they
picked up after a battle. They never used poison in
warfare, so they appear to have been a little humane
even when fighting.

The quarrels and fights were generally caused by the
men of one village or district hunting over the grounds q
recognised as belonging to the people of another ; for,
in ancient times, the Ainu divided the land amongst
themselves. One large district was set apart for a given
village, and this district again divided into minor
portions for the people, each family having its own
special plot of garden land and hunting ground allotted
to it. The river and seaside fishing stations were like-
wise so divided, and the Ainu were very jealous of their
rights. Even to-day, notwithstanding that the Japanese
Government does not recognise any land as belonging to
the Ainu, when the Ainu of one district go hunting
in another they always call upon the Ainu chief of that

s88 THE AtNU OF JAPAN

piftoe, and p«y thdr nspects to him, and uk for hit
good-will.

Whea the Aina vere at war with (me anottter, tt
' wae a case of every able-bodied man and woman toxn-
ing ont to fi^t. There were no regnlar aoIdiarBf bat in
fitting each person was eappoeed to taike hia or her
part, and do their dnty. The chief of a village, witit his
Bub-chiefo, natoraUy took the lead on these oceasicmB.
The women were left to fight their own sex, whilst the
men fought with the men. Thus the Aina women were
a sort of * amasonB.'

Not in&eqaently, too, the Aina made night raida,
wliich they called topat-lumi, one upon another. On
such oGCSBions nearly the whole of the male population
were murdered during sleep, whilst the women and
children were carried off as slaves to work in the
gardens, and were called ugBkui ne guru. Some of the
women, however, were kept as concubines. The women
are said to have generally accompanied their husbands
when they went on these night raids, and to have
rendered very effective service.

The Ainu of the Tokapchi district in Yezo are
spoken of as having been particularly addicted to this
kind of warfare, and are even now held in abhorrence
by the people of some villages. They are said not only
to have murdered people, but also to have eaten some
of them. They were, therefore, cannibals, and I have
heard them spoken of as ' eaters of their own kind.'

CAUSES OF AINU DECREASE

ternecine wars not only helped to dimioi^^
their numbers, but also rendered their conquest by the
-^icient Japanese more easy. /

Anot h er cauae of the Ainu decrease is intermarriage
wit^_^e Japaneae , which is ever going on, upon the^^
Japanese frontier, if, indeed,
frontier it can now be called.
The Ainu women are, most of
them, ever ready to become
the wives or concubines of the
more civilised Japanese. It
ie to their interest to do so.
They are far better fed and
clothed, and have less hard
work to do. But the children
of such marriages are not
generally very strong. They
are weaker and far less hairy,
and generally die out in the
third or fourth generation.
\^ The children of these mixed
marriages become bald at an
early age.

I know of no Ainu village
containing a family which is

not in some way connected by blood-relationship with /
every other family in that village. All mriuak — that
is, ' blood relations living in the same village ' — whilst

THE AINU OF JAPAN

HtritaJfc— that is, * blood relationB living at a difltanoe ' —
are, oomparatiTely speaking, exoeedingly few. Take
Firatori, for instance. This village ia the capital of the
Saru Ainu. It has thirty-tvo families in it, bat eveiy
person ia related to all the others. It is the same with
UsQ and Horobetau, and probably with every other
village. This kind of intermarriage is not likely to
, increase the longevity or physical and mental strength
of a people, or the dintnmity of a race or nation. On
the contrary, it has a tendency to stunt the physical
growth of the body, to weaken the mind, and to shorten
life. Hence, if these family intermarriages have been
going on for many generations, it ie no matter for
wonder timt the Ainu are decreasing.

291

CHAPTER XXI

PREHISTORIC TIMES IX JAPAN

The past history of the Ainu can now never be tho-
roughly known. Like that of many other tribes and
peoples, their orifj;in is lost in obscurity, and the time
for obtaining exact, definite, and trustworthy information
about their early history has for ever passed away.
Just as old Japan commenced to die away at the time
when Western light began to dawn upon and brighten
the skies of Japan, the old-world life of the Ainu has
either passed or is fast passing away before the rapid
march of enlightened Japan civilisation.

The Ainu of to-day are but the remnant of a once

much more numerous nation, the members of which

formerly extended all over Japan, and were in Japan

long before the present race of Japanese. Further, the

■ Ainu were not the only natives of Japan resident in

vthis country before the Japanese came here.

In establishing the first of these propositions we have
recourse to many interesting names of places which are
found all over the Japanese empire, from Satsuma in the
south to Shikotan in the north ; names which find no

THF. AINU OF JAPAS

plwe in Um Japanese language, and nhicli are Chinese
■ on^jT inannneh as they are written with Chinese cha-
nteten. Very many such iiaines can be clearly shown tg^
owe titeir inigiii to tbe Aina tongue.

livill pcobeUyuriBt ub in oODBidering tbemjBieriei
of Ainn plaoe-naming if ve remember thai some of the
nameavere given merelytodeeoribeth&Batore of the plftoe
itself, others to mark ecnne partionlar event in history,
and others i^^ to indicate that certain trees, berb^ or
ftnirnft'" existed in partionlar localities. Thna we have
Memoro koUm, ' the place of pcHide ' ; Kmnmat iwt, ' the
stream of the Japanese' woman,* bo called beeanse a
JapaneBe woman died upon the banks of that stream ;
Ishkara kotan, ' the place where birds' tails are made.'
This place was so named because manj eagles nsed to
be killed at the mouth of the Iskari River, and their tails
taken and sent to the governor of Matsumai, who bought
them at a high price. Then there is Ot(^, ' the water
containing a corpse ' ; a corpse ready dressed and other-
wise prepared for burial. The water or pond so named
had this designation given it because a dead body,
already prepared for burial, was once found in it. All
these names are taken from places in Yezo.

When we consider the names of places in Southern
Japan— I mean those numerous places which are certiainly
not of Japanese or^;in, such, for inBtance,a3Awa,WakaBa,
Noto, and others — we should not forget that originally
and in most cases such designations without doubt

PREHISTORIC TIMES IN JAPAN 393

applied to one village, or stream, or mountain, or tract of
land. The Ji^anese have, in taking the already existing
Ainu names, first mispronounced them, then covered
them up with wholly inappropriate Chinese characters
or hieroglyphics, and laistly, sometimes applied them to
much larger localities than the Ainu intended them to
cover. Hence, when we come across the name of a
place whose meaning in Ainu can have no special appli-
cation to the locaUty so designated, we may rest well
assured it has, probably through ignorance of its true
import, or possibly from political motives, been mis-
applied by the Japanese, or taken from one place and
transferred to another. This process is still going on
in Yezo at the present day.

One would naturally suppose that if any name in this
country were of pure Japanese origin, that of the famous
sacred mountain of Japan, Fuji-yama, would certainly
be so. The Chinese characters with which the name is
written mean ' mountain of wealth,' — a truly poetic and
beautiful name. But poetry and sentiment must for a
short time give way to dry fact. The Japanese will
have to admit earlier or later that their much-esteemed
mountain owes its name to the Ainu tongue, and that
Fuji-yama does not really mean * mountain of wealth,'
except in so far as that term is written with Chinese
hieroglyphics.

In support of a statement like this reasons ought,
l)crhaps, to be given. However, I will not here give any

^o>t44V^^ -) •''* ' tHk A^U bF JAPAN C^ ^

;" A>^ jU>f^

fcleb^dd aobeuiltiffEei^iameiit, bat merely statoihat the
word F«7i in Fiqi-yamft is merelj a oonraptioii of an
old Ainu word 'fire,' the real pronnnciatum of which is
kwS^u The Aiiiu word Aucftt, or fwSkx^ means (1) * an
old woman'; 01) < grandmoUier ' ; (8) 'the goddees of
fire*; and (4) 'fire' itself. Aa the goddess of fire, AacAti
or, as she is often called, kcm,vX AiieAi, \%eha X^amiu, or trem
/iiicAt, is, as we have seen, always worshipped at a house-
warming, a marriage, a feast, or a death ; and she is
specially invoked on the occasion of sickness. It should
next be remembered that the beautiful Figi-yama is an
extinct volcano, and that there are very strong grounds
for believing that the Ainu knew of the existence of this
object of Nature and worshipped it long before the
Japanese came so far north as the districts round about
Fuji. What, then, is more likely than that the Japanese
borrowed this designation from the Ainu, as they have
done so many other names of places and objects ? How
exceedingly appropriate is the name goddess of fire ^ as
originally and naturally applied to Fuji-yama by the
Ainu, who are, as a matter of fact, fire- worshippers ?
' Goddess of fire ' is a much more reasonable name for
this mountain than ' mountain of wealth,' which has
nothing to be said in its favour, excepting that it is in
the Japanese idea more poetical ! Nor should it be
forgotten that Fujiy as it is now written, is a Chinese
name, though the Celestials have never yet, to our know-
ledge, possessed Japan ; whilst Fuji^ as above explained,

PREHISTORIC TIMES IN JAPAN 295

is a purely native Aina word, full of the deepest Ainu
thought and religion.

It may possibly be objected by some who do not under-
stand the way in which the Japanese have borrowed
place-names from the Ainu that the word yama is
purely Japanese, and not Ainu. This is quite true,
though it is in no way a diflSculty, for many other
instances might be produced, showing the Japanese
word yamay or the Chinese «an, suffixed to Ainu names.
Thus we have Usu-yama, Saicara-yamay Iwaki-saii, Fuji-
sariy and many other similar names. If in every one of
these cases we were to take away the Japanese word
yavia or san, * mountain,' and substitute the Ainu word
nuburi, which also means * mountain,' we should at once
have living Ainu words pure and simple, words still in
daily use.

Many other like topographical names might be pro-
duced if necessary from Hakodate to Maskishoya, as
well as all over Saghalien and the Eurile Islands. But
enough have been brought forward to show clearly strong
grounds for the belief that the Ainu once inhabited the
whole of the Japanese empire.

In passing on to the second point, which is that the
Ainu were not the only aborigines who resided in Japan
before the Japanese came, we have recourse to Japanese
testimony and Ainu tradition. Consider for a few
moments what the two Japanese ancient books, called
Kojiki, or ' Records of Ancient Matters,' and Nihongi, or

S^ THE AINU OF JAPAN

■Obroniotes of J^an«' have to a^f^ ttuB iK^t. It
should be romamberod tiiat the '.BeocNrda of Andoit
Hatters ' are said to be traditioiiB handed Jbwn by vwd
of month; that the Emperor Temmn took partienlar
pains to instmot Hi^eda^no-Are, a voman of surjaiiing

PLIHI KHIVBa

and prodigious memory, in the ' genuine traditiona ' and
old language of former ages, and made her repeat them
till Bhe knew them by heart. These traditions were
retained in the memory of this one woman for the space
of twenty-five years ; and when she was about the age of

I .

PREHISTORIC TIMES IN JAPAN 297

fifty-three, i.e. in the year 712 a.d., these so-called * genu-
ine traditions ' were committed to writing, and called
Kojiki, or * Records of Ancient Matters,' and recorded or
written down at the dictation of Hujeda-no-Are. The
book has therefore a direct reference to prehistoric times,
le Nihongi, ' Chronicles of Japan,' was completed
720 A.D., or only eight years after the appearance of
the * Records,' After a perusal of the * Records ' and
\Chronicles,' we are fully justified in holding the
opinion that when the ancient Japanese first came to
,\ * the land of the rising sun ' they found the country
inhabited by a people with whom they fought, a race of
barbarians whom they conquered and dispossessed. In-
deed, there are some very good grounds for beUeving that
the Japanese acted as a wedge by driving some of the
real owners of the land, the aborigines, to the south,
massacring others, and compelling others to seek refuge
in the fastnesses of the mountains and the interior of
the country, whilst others were forced towards the
If we study the types of the Japanese people, it
may be added that some few of the barbarians, more
wise probably than the rest, acted as servants, slaves,
concubines, or wives to their conquerors, and thus became
amalgamated with them. An illustration of this pro-
cess is seen in the amalgamation of the Ainu with the
Japanese in Yezo, which is still in progress.

In the * Records of Ancient Matters,' we read of a
class or race of people called TstLchi-gumo, or ' earth-

998 THE AINU OF JAPAN

spiders*; a cognomen expreasiTe of neither grace nor
manlinees. The people who bore this name are said to
have poaseesed tails, and to have lived in oaves with
stone doors. The Emperor Jimma, it appears, had many
of these cave-dwellers cruelly and barbarously slaughtered
in cold blood. Thus we read : ^

' When his Augustness . . . made his progress, and
reached the great cave of Osaka, earth-spiders with tails,
namely, eighty bravoes, were in the cave awaiting him.
So then the august son of the heavenly Deity commanded
that a banquet be bestowed on the eighty bravoes.
Thereupon he set eighty butlers, one for each of the
eighty bravoes, and girded each of them with a sword,
and instructed the butlers, saying : " When ye hear
me sing, cut them down simultaneously." In the song
by which he made clear to them to set about smiting the
earth-spiders, he said :

Into the great cave of Osaka people have
Entered in abundance, and are there.
Though people have entered in abundance
And are there, the children of the augustly
Powerful warriors will smite and finish them
With their mallet-headed swords, their
Stone-mallet swords ; the children of the
Augustly powerful warriors, with their
Mallet-headed swords, their stone-
Mallet swords, would now do well to
Smite.

* See Kojiki, by Prof. Chamberlain, in Trans, Asiatic Soc. of Japan^
vol. X. supplement, p. 141, seo. zlviii.

joo THE AINU OF JAPAN

'Having ihos sang^ihe batlera drew their swards and
simaltaneoosly smote the bravoee to death.'

In this quotation we have a direct refarenoe to
' mallet-headed swords ' and ' stone-mallet * swords. It
is therefore probable that the ancient Japanese in very
early times used stone dabs or swords.

In the Hakodate museum there is a kind of stone
mace or mallet-headed sword to be seen ; but whether
this article was intended for a sword, or was merely
an ensign of authority, cannot be positively afi&rmed.

Nor was Jimmu the only emperor who fought
against the 'earth-spiders,' as Sujin and Eeiko are
specially mentioned as having made successive wars of
extermination upon them. But who were these * earth-
spiders/ or, as we prefer to call them, * cave-dwellers ? '
Were they simply robber bands of barbarous Ainu ?
Or were they Koreans, or a people very closely allied to
the Koreans ? Professor Milne, in writing of the caves
found in Japan, says : ^ ' In many parts of Japan a
large number of caves have been discovered. In the
limestone districts and some of the old volcanic rocks
these appear to be natural. I explored several of these
caves in Sbikoku, and also in other places. The only
results which I have obtained were geological. Artificial
caves near Kumagai, Odawara, and in other localities,
which have been examined by Mr. Henry von Siebold,
from the pottery they contained and other evidences

' See TtOM. AnaX^c Soc, of Japant vol. viii. pt. 1. p. 76.

PREHISTORIC TIMES TN JAPAN

301

which they yielded, showed that they were of Korean
origin.'

Thus, then, we have grounds for concluding that in
ancient times there were Koreans residing in ' the land
of the rising eun,' and that they lived in caves. In
the island of Yezo, however, there appear to be no caves
in which the ancient people dwelt, unless, indeed, a small
one in Otaninai be an exception. The aingle cave which
exists at that place gives one the idea of a tomb rather

PRRHIaXOttlC POTTEBY

than of a dwelling-place. In this cave there is an
inscription which no one has as yet, I believe, succeeded
in deciphering. There have been no similar inscriptions
discovered anywhere else in the empire, and the Ainn
inform me that they know of none, nor have they any
idea where the characters engraved upon the back of the
cave in Otarunai came from. They may have been
created with the lock for all they know, or some child
may have been exercising its skill in drawing.

308 THE AINU OF JAPAN

With reference to these iiUKriptioiiB, FrofesBor MDne
says : ^ A rough sketch of the inseriptions which I sav
at Otam is given in the acoompanjing plate. Thqr
are wrought or cat apon the &ce of the cUffis on the
north-western side of the bay. These diflEs are about
one hundred feet in height, and are capped with small
trees. The rock is a white, extremely soft, much de-
composed tufa. It is now being quarried as a build-
ing stone, and during the process a portion of the
inscription of which I have here given a rough copy
has been broken away. If the quarrying continues in
the direction it was taking when I visited the spot, it
is not at all unlikely that the whole of these inscrip-
tions will be very shortly destroyed. The characters
look as if they had been scraped or cut with some
incisive tool. I do not think it would be difficult to
make similar markings with a stone axe. The lines
forming the characters are usually about one inch
broad and half an inch deep. They occupy a strip of
rock about eight feet long, and they are situated about
three or four feet from the ground. Above them the
clifif considerably overhangs, and its form is very
suggestive of its having been once more or less cave-
like. So far as I could learn, the Japanese are quite
unable to recognise any characters, and they regard
them as being the work of the Ainos (AinMi). I may
remark that several of the characters are like the
runic m. It has been suggested that they have a

PREHISTORIC TIMES IN, JAPAN 305

resemblance to old Chinese. A second suggestion was
that they were drawings to indicate the insignia of
rank carried by priests. A third idea was that they
were phallic. A foarth, that they were rough repre-
sentations of men and animals, the runic m being a
bird; a fifth, that they were the handicraft of some
gentleman desirous of imposing upon the credulity of
wandering archaeologists.'

After due consideration of the evidences in existence
of prehistoric times in Japan, we are, I believe, safe in
concluding that, besides the aboriginal Korean inhabit-
ants of Japan, there was at least one other race, if
not two, also living here with them, possibly before
them. Particularly is this true of the northern part
of the empire. ,The Niliongi sjets our minds at rest
on this pbint. That book tells us- that the most re-
doubtable of the barbarians were the Ainu, so that
there must have been people other than the Ainu
with whom to compare them. We read that the'Amii .
of those early times were savages, for they are said
to have lived together promiscuously, dwelling in caves .
during winter and in huts in the summer; to have |
clothed themselves with fur ; to have drunk blood ; to 1
have flown up the mountains like birds, and rushedll
through the grass like animals. They never remem-
bered favours, but always revenged injuries. They
carried arrows in their long hair and swords hidden in
their clothing ; they made raids upon the Japanese, and

506 THE AINU OF JAPAN

carried off some into captivity. TbtiB, if the'Chronidea'
apeak the truth, the aborigineB were a savage race, and
very difficult to sohdae.

Whether the people referred to in the above p
were Ainu, or B(mie other race akin to them.

BTONt: K\a.v»

cauuot now say. But that there was another race ui
Japan previous to, or contemporary with the Aina — a
race whom the Ainu found here, fought and drove
out, just as the Japanese fought, conquered and drove
out the Ainu — seems pretty clear from the pit dwell-

PREHISTORIC TIMES IN JAPAN

307

ings and kitchen middens which are to be found here
and there, and from the traditions of the Ainu. This
race the Japanese have called kobitOy i.e. 'dwarfs,' in
contradistinction to the Ainu, whom they named Ebistc
and Yezo-jiuy but whom the Ainu designated Koropok-
guru, i.e. * pit-dwellers.'

Now, in speaking of Yezo particularly, it is a well-
known fact that there are in many places upon this
island a great number of round pits about three feet
deep, by ten to twelve feet in diameter, though a few may
be seen measuring as much as eighteen feet across. It

PBOBABLB SHAPE OP KOBOPOK-GUBU'S HUT

appears that these pits were once the dwelling-places of
human beings, for near them in rubbish heaps, upon the
banks of some, and in others, many pieces of old pottery
and numbers of stone axes, grinding stones, spear- and
arrow-heads, as well as some fragments of bone, and
portions of deer's horns, may be found by digging a
few inches beneath the surface of the earth. From the
general shape of these pits or holes we may assume that
the huts were built over them something after the pattern
of the snow houses of the Esquimaux. Ainu traditions

V 2

3o8 THE AINU OF JAPAN

say that they were built somewhat conically, that tti^
consisted of poles stuck into the earth upon the banb
of the pits, and that these poles were made to bend
over till they met in the centre, where the ends were
tied together with bark string, or creeping plants.
Over the poles were laid bark and grass, and upon
this earth was placed, to keep out the wet and cold.
Inside the hut the inhabitants had as many as five or
six clear spaces left for fires, amongst which they slept.
They are also said to have clothed themselves with the
skins of animals.

If all this' be true, we may conclude that Tezo was
once much colder than it is at the present time. How-
ever, I do not think that these KorojX)k-(fnrus had so
many lire-places in their huts, for in all those which I
have dug out, or had dug out for me, but one place for
fire was discovered, and that was near the centre. But,
after all, it may be asked, is it not quite possible that
these pit-dwellers may have been Ainu ? It certainly
is possible, though I do not think they were quite the
same race as that existing to-day in Yezo. One Ainu
did, it is true, once inform me that in ancient times their
forefathers built huts over round holes dug in the earth,
but that they changed this method of house-building
upon coming into contact with the Japanese ; and the
Ainu of SaghaUen profess to be the descendants of
these pit-dwellers. However, Ainu huts of the present
day do not resemble either the Japanese house or the

PREHISTORIC TIMES IN JAPAN 309

Esquimaux dwelling. Every other Ainu to whom I
have spoken on the subject either emphatically denies
that their ancestors lived in holes, or confesses absolute
ignorance on the subject. In fact, though living in the
very midst of these pits, some of them are quite ignorant
of their existence; while others look upon them as
natural phenomena; but none of them trouble their
heads about the matter.

There seems to be good reason for believing that the
pit-dwellers were shorter in stature than either the
Japanese or Ainu ; for whilst the Japanese tell us they
were kohiio (dwarfs), the Ainu say they were only about
three or four feet in height, that they were of a red
colour, and that their arms were very long in proportion
to their bodies. Some have gone so far as to say that
they were only about an inch in height. They were so
small that if caught in a shower of rain or attacked by
an enemy, they would stand beneath a burdock leaf for
shelter, or flee thither to hide.

An Ainu once attempted to derive their name, A'oroj^oA:-
gxvrUf from koroko-ni (burdock). This is on a par with
calling the Ainu by the name Aino or Ainos, and saying
that because Aino means ' mongrel,' or ' half-breed,*
therefore the Ainu are half animal, half human; or
that because Ainu sounds something like the Japanese
word inu (dog), therefore the Ainu are dogs. Koropok-
c/urUy however, is not derived from the word for 'burdock,'
but has a distinct meaning of its own, and that is, 'people

THE AISV OF JAPAN

J reeiding below,' or ' pit-dwellera ' : the fnll name b

The Ainu say their forefathers destroyed thia race ;
of dwarfs in warfare. We are also informed by the
Albq that the Koropok-ffuriis used flint or atone knives,

I ' Bcrapors, and other implements, and that they were
acquainted with the art of making pottery. This we
may well believe, seeing that so many specimens of

, pottery have been disinterred. The Ainu say that they
themsfives never knew how to niiikf i>ottLTj. and I have
. , never yet aeen anything of the kind mano&ctared by
rthem. Ab for arrow-headB of stone, an Aiua once in-
formed me that a few generations ago his race made and
nsed them, but that they had since adopted the bamboo,
because it is so much easier to work and is better
adapted for carrying poison. Other Ainu deny this,
and say they have never heard of the existence of such
things as stone arrow-heads.

The question still remains, Who, after all, were
these ' dwarfs ' of the Japanese, and Koropok-guru of the
Ainu ? And who really used the stone implements ?
I am of opinion, but it is only an opinion, that these
round holes, stone implements, and pottery are the re-

7 mains of a race of people who eiisted in Japan and
Yezo previous to, and by the side of the Ainu ; though
it is possible that the Ainu, in spite of all they say,
might have used these implements, and have dwelt in
such houses as the holes indicate. The Ainn may, as

PREHISTORIC TIMES IN JAPAN

311

their traditions say, have exterminated in warfare this
/ race, as far as Tezo is concerned ; but I am of opinion
that these pit-dwellers were closely allied to the Ainu
in descent, and that the remains of them may now be
seen in Shikotan and other islands of the Kurile group.

PLAN OP KURILE HUT

EXTEBIOB OF KUBILE HUT

The inhabitants of Shikotan are much shorter in stature
than the Ainu of Yezo; they are not so good-looking,
and are said to be a very improvident race. The Ainu
look upon the Eurile islanders as the remnants of the
Koropok-gurus ; but this is mere opinion, and to be
adopted or rejected at pleasure. That they are 'pit-

31s . . THE AINU OF JAPAN

\. dweOera * is qniie eertain, for they Uto in pits at tbe

/ present day.

These ' pit-dweUers * of Yeso were once very nmne-
rons on ihsA island. At Kotoni, near Sapporo, there
are many roiind holes, uid not Ceut from them, in s
swamp, is a kind of fort. The fort is not a very im-
posing or formidable-looking aflReur. It is merely a small
piece of dry land, with a wall of earth around it, and
defended with a ditch fall of water. In order to reach
this fort, one has to wade through two or three feet of
mud for about a hmidred yards. I made one jonmey
to it, but it was not worth the time and trouble. About
Kushiro also there is a very large number of Koropok-
(fums* holes, showing that there must once have been a
very large settlement about that place. Here also there
is a kind of fort, castle, or watch-tower. It is about forty
feet in height, and is in some places nearly perpendicular,
and has a ditch around its higher section. Upon its
summit there is a round hole like those over which the
ancients are said to have built their huts.

313

CHAPTER XXII

AINU HEROES AND LEGEND

It is very curious that the Ainu have handed down to
their posterity no names of heroes. They have, how-
ever, preserved to us the names of certain tribes, or
rather, they point to districts in which certain of their
brave warriors are said to have Uved. Thus they speak
of the inhabitants of a place named Ureush-pet, which
is situated in the Ishkari mountains, as being a very
warUke and brave people. This tribe, it appears, had
their stronghold in the mountains, and have therefore
been named Kim-un-gurUy i.e. 'mountaineers.* These
people are said to have been a particularly hardy and
big-bodied race of men. Another party of fighting men
are said to have lived at Tunni-pok, an unknown place ;
another tribe is said to have lived at Assuru, towards
the source of the Kushiro river. Then we have another
people who lived at Samatuye, also unidentified; and
these are said to have been conquered by the Poi-yaumbe,
which probably means *the brave Ainu.*

We may quote in this connection a legend of a fight

between the ' brave Aimi ' and the men of ' Samatnje.*
It is a cnrioas specimen of Ainu folk-lore. It ia called

POI-YiPMBE, OR 'THE BRAVE AIDH

■ Wc throe, my younger aister, my elder brother and
I, were always together. One night I was quite unable
to sleep, hut whether what I now relate was seen, &
dream, or whether it really took place, I do noi
know.

' Now, I saw upon the topa of the mountaina which
lie towards the source of our river, a great herd of bneka
feeding by themselveB. At the head of this great herd
there was a very large speckled buck ; even its homa
were speckled. At the head of a herd of female deer
there was a speckled doe skipping about in front of its
fellows. So I sat up in my bed, buckled my belt, winding
it once round my body, and tied my hat-strings under
my chin ; I then fastened my leggings, made of grass,
to my legs, slipped on my best boot«, stuck my favourite
sword in my girdle, took my quiver sling in my hand,
seized my bow, which was made of yew and ornamented
with cherry bark, by the middle, and sallied forth.

' The duet upon the road by the riverside was flying
about ; I was taken up by the wind, and really seemed
to go along upon the clouds. Now, my elder brother
and younger sister were coming along behind me. As
we went along, in truth, we saw that the mountains

AtS'U HEROES AND LEGEND

31S

were covered with great herds of backs and does ; the
bucks had a speckled male at their head, even its horns
were speckled, there was also a speckled female deer
skipping about at the head of the does.

' On coming near them I took Ein arrow out of my
quiver and shot into the very thickest of the herd, so

I BOW ASD QUIVBfl

that the mountains became covered with the multitude
of those which had tasted poison (i.e. which had been
hit with poisoned arrows). And my elder brother
shooting into the thickest of the herd of does, killed bo
many that the mountain was completely covered with
their bodies ; within a very short time the whole herd
both of bucks and does were slain.

jl6 THE AISV OF JAPA.V

' How was it that that which but a short time since
waa a deer became a mau ? That I cannot tell,

[It s)iou1d be noted here that the Ainu now, for the
first timti, discoTora the deer to be human beings. They
hod hitherto appealed in the shape of animalB, but they
now assiime their proper form, and were found to be
enemies como to pick a quarrel and fight. The Ainn
Bay that in ancient times their ancestors could assume
the bodOy shape of any animals they chose, and change
again into their normal condition at will.]

' With angry word he (i.e. the leader of the enemy)
said to me. " Because you arc a brave Ainu (Poi-yaumbe),
and your fame has spread over many lands, you have
come hither with the purpose of picking a quarrel with
me. Thus, then, you see that you have slain my friends,
and you doubtless think to defeat me, but however
brave you may be, I think you will probably find that
you are mistaken."

[These words contain the challenge to fight. Here
we see that the speckled buck, now turned into a man,
accuses the Ainn of slaying his comrades. He seeks
some grounds of quarrel, and attempts to shift the real
cause of the war from his own shoulders to those of
the Ainu, when, in truth, he himself had invaded the
land.]

' When he hod spoken so much, this lordly person
drew his sword with a flash and struck at me with
powerful strokes ; in return I also flashed out my sword,

AINU HEROES AND LEGEND 317

but when I hit at him with mighty blows there was no
corresponding crashing sound. It was extremely diffi-
cult to come upon him ; it was as though the wind
caught the point of my sword. Though this was the
case, though it was difficult to strike him, and though I
did not realise that I was struck, yet much blood spurted
forth from my body. That abominable, bad man was
also bleeding profusely.

* Whilst things were going on in this way, my elder
brother and younger sister met with the speckled doe
(who had now become a woman), and both attacked it
with drawn swords. With great fear they fought ; and
when I looked, I saw that my elder brother was cut in
twain ; as he fell, he put out his hands and raised him-
self from the earth. I then drew my sword and cut
him twice or thrice, so that he became a Uving man
again.

[The Ainu say that in ancient times, when fighting,
their ancestors could raise the dead to life and heal their
wounds by striking them with their swords. Truly this
is a very curious idea, nevertheless the Ainu believe
in it.]

* Then riding upon a sound like thunder he quickly
ascended to the skies and again engaged in the fight.

[Thus the ancients could carry on their battles in
the air.]

'I now heard a sound as of another person being
slain somewhere; it was my younger sister who was

jiB THE Af.vr OF J A PA, \'

kaied. Witli a great sound ehe rode npon the sttting
Bun (i.e. she diod witb a groan).

[TluB is a fignrativf mode of expressing de&tU.
t>eath is called ' a riding upon ' oi- ' info the setting;
8(iu " ; life is called ' a riding upon ' or ' into ' or ' a
Hltiniug like the 8un.']

' L!pou this the bad foreign woman boasted that she
hiid slain my joiuiger sister and thrown her to the earth.
Then the two, the woman and man, ft;ll ujx)n me with
all their might and main, bnt 1 Btruck the bad woman
twice or thrice so that she rode ajx)n the sun (i.e. she
died) ; she went to thf snn a living soul. Then the htwl,
malignant man, being left alone, spake thus :

' " Becanse yon are a brave Ainu and the fame of your
bravery baa spread over many lands, and because you
have done this, know ye that the place where I lie is
called Samatiiye.

[Samatuye really means ' to be cut in twain,' bnt it
is said to be the name of a place or country. Its site is
unknown,]

' "The two, my younger brother and sister, are the
defenders of my bouse, and they are exceedingly brave.
Thus then, if I am slain by you, my younger brother
will avenge my death and you will live no longer. You
must be careful."

' Now, I made a cut at that bad, malignant man,
but he retomed the blow, and I swooned. Whether the
swoon Uated for a long space or a short, I know not.

AINU HEROES AND LEGEND 319

But i^hen I opened my eyes I found my right hand
stretched out above me and striking hither and thither
with the sword, and with my left I was seizing the grass
and tearing it up by the roots. So I came to myself,
and I wondered where Samatuye could be, and why it
was so called. I thought that name was given to the
place to frighten me, and I considered that if I did not
pay it a visit I should be laughed at when I returned
home, and feel humiliated. Therefore I looked up and
discovered the track by which this multitude of persons
had come ; I ascended to the path and passed very
many towns and villages. And I travelled along this
path for three days and three nights, in all six days, till
I came down upon the sea-shore. Here I saw many
towns and villages.

[The Ainu say that in ancient times their ancestors
could travel through the air, and could carry on warfare
far above the earth. Hence this hero travels through
the air. He follows up the path till he comes to the
sea-shore, upon whose side there are many cities or
towns.]

' Here was a very tall mountain whose top extended
into the skies ; upon its summit was a beautiful house,
and above this circled a great cloud of fog.

[Here our hero again ascends to the path in the air.]

' I descended by the side of the house, and stealthily
walking along with noiseless steps, peeped in between the
cracks of the door (this door was simply a mat made of

rjW THE AISU OF JAPA.\ ^|

mslies and hang in t}]e doorway), and Hetened. I ssv S
something Uke a very little man »ittiug cross-legged at I
the huod of the llro-ploGe staring' into the fire, and I H
Baw eometliiug Uke a little woiuaii sitting on tlie left- fl
liaud siilt of the (ire-plftce. ■

' Here again wae a woman who in heauty equalled my
youijgttr sistfi' [he falls in love with her]. Now, the
litllf man spake thus :

' " Oh. my younger sister, listen to me, for I have a
word to say. The weather is clouding over, and I am
tilled with anticipation. You know, yoti have heen a
prophetess from a child. Just prophesy to me, for I
desire to hear of the future." Thus spake the little
man.

[The little man seeks to know the cause of his anti-
cipation of evil, BO he asks his sister, who was a pro-
phetess, to prophesy and explain the reason to him.]

' Then the little woman gave two great yawns and
said :

[To yawn means here, to fall into a trance or to go
to sleep. Ainu wizards or prophets always lie down and
close their eyes when they prophesy.]

' " My elder brother, my little elder brother, listen to
me, for I have a word to say. Wherefore is my brother
thus in anticipation ? I hear news from a distant land ;
there is news coming from above the mountains of
Tomi-san-pet [Tomisanpet is the name of a river in
Yezo]. The brave Ainu have been attacked by my

AINU HEROES AND LEGEND 321

elder brother without cause, but a single man has anni-
hilated my brother and his men. Whilst the battle
proceeds a Uttle keaorap [keaorap is the name of some
kind of bird ; it may be a peacock, or an eagle, or a
bird of paradise, the Ainu do not know which. Here,
however, the Ainu hero is intended] comes flying across
the sky from the interior, and, though I earnestly
desire to prophesy about it, somehow or other it passes
out of my sight. When it crosses the sea [she now sees
the Ainu on his way to their castle or village] it darts
along upon the surface of the water like a little fish ;
coming straight to our town is the clashing of swords,
the sword of an Ainu and the sword of his antagonist
[she sees the battle carried on in the air]. Blood is
spurting forth from two great wounds; the sword of
our brother departs into the setting sun and is lost [i.e.
her brother is slain] ; the handle of the sword of the
Ainu shines upon the sun [i.e. the Ainu conquers].
Although our house was in peace, it is now in danger
[she sees the Ainu hero near the house]. In speaking
thus much my eyes became darkened [i.e. she can
prophesy no more]. Pay attention to what I say."

'As she said this I pretended that I had but now
arrived, and knocking the dirt off my boots upon the
hard soil just outside the house [i.e. making a noise
upon the ground as if I had but just arrived], I lifted
the door-screen over my shoulders and stepped inside.
They both turned and looked at me with one accord ;

THE AINV OF JAPAN ^

h few Ley gazed at me from under their e;ebruw3.

m I V d along the left-band side of tlie fire-pUce
1 "wideB.

'la ;he httle man tn the right-hand Bide of the

ire-] 1 mv foot fto touch a person with the foot

IB a gi I lu], and sitting myself

eroes-l^fged at the heaa mereoi, rtjmke thus :

' " Look liere, you little Samntuye man, I have a word
to Bay, attend well to me. Why has your elder brother,
the Bamatnye man, attacked us without cause? Has he
not done bo [this question carries in it an affirmation.
The same modf of Rpeech is often used in this way. It
is an affirmation under the guise of a question]? As
you have stirred up this war without cause, you will be
punished by the gods ; you will be annihilated. Listen
to what I say. Besides, although I am a wounded man,
I will overthrow your town. Listen to what I say."

' And when I had so said, I drew my sword and
flashed it about. I struck at him with such blows that
the wind whistled. We ascended to the ceiling fighting,
and here I chased him from one end of the house to the
other. Whilst this was going on, a very great multitude
of men congregated upon the threshold. They were as
thick as swarms of flies ; so I cut them down like men
mow grass.

'Whilst this was going on the little woman said:
" Oh my brothers, why did ye commit such a £a,olt as to
attack the brave Ainu without cause ? Was it that ye

AINU HEROES AKD LEGEND 323

desired to slay those who had no wish to die that ye fell
upon them ? Henceforth I shall cast in my lot with the
brave Ainu. Listen to my words."

' When the little woman had thus spoken, she drew a
dagger from her bosom and cut down the men at the
door like grass ; we fought side by side.

[Here we see that the woman falls in love with the
man, just as the man himself fell in love with her, as is
stated above.]

* Fighting so, we drove them out of the house. And
when we beheld them, there were but a few left, but
behind them stood the little Samatuye man ; yes, he was
there. In a very short time those few persons were all
killed. After this 1 went after the Samatuye man with
hasty strides, and drew my sword above him. I struck
at him with heavy blows. The Samatuye woman also
stood by my side and hit at her brother with her
dagger.

' In a very short time he received two or three cuts
and was slain. After this the little woman wept very
much and spake, saying :

* " As for me, I am undone ; I did not desire to draw
my dagger against a man without friends.

* " As the little hawks flock together where there is
food, so have I an earnest desire to be with thee,
brave Ainu ! Listen to what I say." *

[Thus then this war ends in a marriage. The little
woman seeks the hand of the brave Ainu. That they

X 2

woro happy ever afktrwartlH, and had a fataily of
beautiful daunhtcrg and oxtraordinarily brave heroes of
sobs, is k'ft to the bearer's imaginatiou. That the
woman should seek the hand of a man is quite a naturnl
Htate of thingH amoQgst the Ainu, and constantly occurs
in tills land. It is with them one continual leap-
year.]

325

CHAPTER XXIII

MISSION WORK AMONG THE AINU

Mission work among the Ainu was commenced by the
Rev. W. Dening, who at that time was connected with
the Church Missionary Society. It was during a tour
in 1876 that he first visited the Ainu in their villages.
He lived for some weeks in an Ainu hut, winning the
confidence of the people, learning their language, and
endeavourmg in a simple way to give them some notion
of the Gospel. The Ainu and Japanese languages ard^
wholly different, and the former may be regarded as a
language altogether isolated at the present day. Other
districts were visited during a second tour in 1878. But
although much information was gained, and the way
prepared for further efforts, not much was effected in a
strictly missionary sense.

In 1880 the author accompanied Mr. Dening to
Sapporo, and made his first visits to the Ainu settle-
ments in that district, and began to study the Ainu
language. During 1881 he paid two visits of two months
each to Piratori, the old Ainu capital, and, whilst con-
tinuing his linguistic studies, made his first attempt to

THE AINU OF JAPAX

preach the Gosik-I. After visitmg England in l^U-i, b«
ratlliil(i<] to th« Aitiu country, and remained tbere during
itxmtiutbH in I8S:i. Hie Ainu frit-nda hiul not fovsottoi
him. They manitaBted great {AsHtire at hie retom,
afan<Mt whole viUagM tanung out to imIoobm him, and
their ohieb exprenng the hope that he would remain
amongBt them for a long time. He located hima^ with
Chief Penri at Piratori, who tent him a oomar of fail
hot. His study of the langaaga was reeomad, a Tooabiu
lary of about 6,000 words oolleoted, an Ainn grammai
compiled, and some translation work attempted.

In the way of preaching the Gospel, I held services
at Piratori in Chief Penri's hut, and did a great deal of
visiting and itinerating. The work was always very
encouraging, for whole villages came together to listen,
and BOmetimes very good questions were asked by the
congregations. Several chiefs whom I was then unable
to visit came to ask me to preach to their people.

As the Ainu of to-day is and lives, so Japanese art
and traditions depict bim in the dawn of history. Hia
language, religion, dress, and manner of life are the
same as of old. He has no alphabet, no writing, no
nombers above a thousand. In character and morals
they are stupid, good-natured, brave, honest, faithful,
peaceable, and gentle.

The Ainn, though quiet and gentle, are much addicted
to drunkenness. After careful inquiries in many villages,
I estimate that ninety per cent, of the men are drunkards,

MISSION WORK AMONG THE AINU 327

and that the women drink to excess whenever they have
the opportunity. How God can be acceptably worshipped
without wine is a puzzle to the poor Ainu, so intimately
connected in his mind are wine and worship. The
Christian injunction against intemperance offends him,
and I see, even now, the beginnings of a hard struggle
between strong drink and reUgion.

The Chief Penri sadly illustrates the power which
this terrible vice has over the poor Ainu. He took a
very great interest in the religion of Jesus, and did all
he could to assist me. But drunkenness was his great
stumbling-block. He tried twice to give up his drink,
but each time he failed. On the first occasion he was
sober for a whole month, and on the second for nearly
three.

The Japanese Government seems to be desirous of
protecting the Ainu, and improving their condition by
education. But another great difficulty is with the
Japanese traders, who are all wine-vendors. They buy
the skins of animals from the Ainu, and they love to
pay for them in wine rather than money. It is to the
advantage of these wine-vendors to keep the poor Ainu ''
in a state of ignorance, and that their taste for wine
should be encouraged as much as possible. But they
begin to see what effects Christian teaching would have
upon the Ainu, therefore they bring all their forces to -^
bear upon Christianity and the missionary. Christianity
is said by them to be rotten, and therefore useless, and

THE AINV OF JAPA.W

not to be believed. As far that 'rftscal of a hairy
Chitiftman ' (meaning myself), be has come here to pAa y
the confidence of the Ainn, learn their language, deceive (
them with ft false religion, and in the end seize the
country and the people.

Owing to the misrepresentations of these men, during
put of 1884 I vu jmaUeto xAMn a puqieit, and
onueqtMiUy ooold not virit the Aina digtriofai ; but I
invited the chief Fenri to Haltodato, and there ecmtinaad
the Btady ci the langaige. Later in the year I proenred
a paBqxu^ and, aooiHnpuued hj my wife, qwnt some
time in the Aina villages. The greatest caution, how-
ever, was necessary, lest some difiSculty should be raised
to prevent us from remaining, and we were compelled to
lodge at a Japaneee inn.

In 1885 we stayed at Poropet Kotan, which is a
particularly good centre for work, as it is nearly midway
between the Saru and the Usu districts. In this village
there are about 160 Ainu, all told.

As the Aina are very unwilling to enter Japaneee
houses, we were seldom able to collect more than six
Ainu together in the hotel at one tune ; but when preach-
ing in an Ainu hut we were generally much crowded,
the congregation never numbering less than thirty. The
meetings were always largely attended when it was
known that my address was to be illustrated by the
magic lantern,, which I found of the greatest use.

Before the close of this year the first Ainn convert

MISSION WORK AMONG THE AINU 329

in connection with the mission was baptized. He was
named Kanari Taro, and was son of the village chief.
He was a good Japanese scholar, and held a school-
master's certificate. He early showed a great interest
in Christianity. He was baptized on Christmas Day,
1885 ; and two others — husband and wife-^who were
then inquirers, were baptized with their adopted Japanese
daughters by Bishop Bickersteth, on August 29, 1886,
when he was visiting the Ainu country. In 1886, the
mother of our female Christian servant was brought to
a saving knowledge of her Redeemer by her daughter
and son-in-law. Her age w^as seventy-five. Nothing
delighted her more than to hear the old, old, yet ever
new, story of Jesus and the cross. Her last testimony
was, * Tane anakiie apun no ku mokoro ; tane, ratchitara

ku shini eashkai ne ' (* Now I can sleep quietly ; now
1 can rest in peace *) . Mrs. Batchelor started a singing-
class for girls. These children also learned to read and
write.

Several adults also learned to read. The Apostles'
Creed, the Lord's Prayer, and the hymn * Jesus loves '
me' were the first things ever printed in the Ainu O
language; these were done with a little press bought
with money sent by the children of Jesus* Lane Sunday-
school, Cambridge. Since then the translation of St.
Matthew's Gospel has been proceeded with iJajid thus a
new language is being reduced to writing, and the Word
of God translated into it.

Sjo THE AINU OF JAPAN

Dniing the yMi 1687 a good whool for tin Aina
WM started at Horobetia, and Kanari Taro, the flnt
Ainu Christian, was. apptunted Bohoohnaater. He had
thirteen paptb. Also two more Ainu were baptiied
daring thia same year, making a total of six native
Christiana.

The next year there were no farther faaptiems, and
the school had only two additional papila, making .
fifteen in all — nine boys and six girls.

Daring the year 1889 a great deal of itinerating
work was done. The fall congregations and rapt atten-
tirai of the hearers, the telling questions and intelligent
remarks made liy the people, were very encoaraging
features. The invitations to go to other villages were
earnest and frequent. One Ainu only was gathered into
the Church. He was a lame lad, aged nineteen, who
was taken as pupil-teacher into the Ainu school.

During my furlough at home I have bad the privi-
lege of traiiBlating and seeing through the press the
Gospels of St. Mark, St. Luke, and St. John in Ainu.

But the Ainu race is dying out. Year by year its
members decrease, and, in spite of the laudable efforts
of the Japanese Govermnent to preserve it, its extinction
seems inevitable. But, if the race perishes, a precious
remnant, won to Christ, will abide for ever.

That the Ainu of Japan may prove a fresh and
bright example of the readiness of primitive races to
receive Him who has pictured Himself as the Shepherd,

MISSION WORK AMONG THE AINU 331

leaving the ninety and nine in the wilderness, and going
after that one which is lost until He find it, will surely
be the prayer of every reader of these pages. May that
blessed Spirit whose office it is to take of the things of
Christ and reveal them unto men, work among the poor
benighted Ainu, teaching them not to be drunk with
wine, wherein is excess, but to bring forth the fruits of
the same Spirit, to the glory of God the Father.

ill

INDEX

ABL

Ablutions, use of, 321

Adoltery, penalty for, 180

Ainu, origin of, IS : etymology of name, 16 ;
Japanese tradition of origin of. 16 :
hairinesti of, 18 ; appearance of, 18 :
character of, 10 ; size of, 2U : phyKiology
of, 20 ; mode of dressing t)ie Imir, 24 ;
dirtinrra uf, 24 ; how treated by .Japanese,
24 : they are maiodorous, 26 ; wildness
of, 28 ; women's work, 28 ; their love of
hor»e!«, 28 ; their love of «iir, 20 ; dmnk-
cnnesa of, 30 ; power of tlie ( Jonpel on,
31 : appearance of women, 34 ; tAtt<M)ing,
35 ; position of women, 3K ; food of, 38 ;
weaving of, 39 ; reaping, 40 ; cooking,
41 ; suicides among, 43 ; treatment of
children, 43 : divorce among, 44 ; curions
custom at cliihlbirth, 44 ; dress of,
46 ; mo<lc of sleeping, 48 ; treasures of,
48 ; huts of. 64 : temple of, 60 ; worsliip
of, 60 : libations of, 61 : fear of fire,
61 ; conservatism of, 63 ; houscwarming
of, 64 ; mo<le of saying grace, 67 : foo^l
of, 67 ; position of, at meals, €8 ; dir-
tiness of, 70 ; furniture of, 72 : mo<lc of
feeding babies, 76 ; mode of carrying,
83 : use of tobacco, 84 : iiwo of, 86 :
temper of, 06 ; prayers of, 07 ; etiquette
of, 101: modest of saluting, 101; e«lu-
cationof.IOO; legendsof, 111-13,116.121,
121, 126 ; tales of, 112 ; music of, 123 :
dancing of, 130 ; games of, 131 ; ordeals
of, 1 35 ; family life of, 138 ; marriageof,
130; names of. 142; mode of hunting
deer, 143 ; traps of, 148 ; Ashing of, 162 ;
spears of, 152, 164; nets of, 153; flsli-
traps of, 153; liarttoons of, 155; bear-
hunting, 158 ; bear-feasts, 162, 174 ;
their use of poison, 160 ; arrows, 170 :
bows of, 171 ; tlieir bear cubs, 171 ;
origin of, 170 ; tnule of, 182 ; canoes of,
182 ; sleighs of, 186 ; snow-shoes of, 186 ;
government of, 1H7 ; punishments of,
188 ; their fear of angry women, 101 ;
medicines of, 104 ; treatment of the sick,
105: wizartls of, 107: prophets, 107 ;
their belief tlrnt sickness in a punish*

BIB

meut, 100 ; fear of snakes, 200 ; legend
about them, 201 ; about insects, 901 ;
death and burial customs of, 2uS ; tomb-
stones of, 210; mode of speiJdng of
death, 212 ; belief in ghosts, 219 ; cr«ed
of, 210 ; dread of old women, 2S3 :
polytlieism of, 224 ; beliefs of, 224 ; story
OS to the f utiure world, 826 ; libations of,
230; ideas of heaven and hell, 286 ; wor-
sldp of Yoshitsune, 240 ; tlieir ideas of
worship, 246 ; deities of, 247 ; belief in
one great (Jod, 248 ; creed of, 251 ; lesser
gjKls, 254 ; ideas of Providence, 266 ;
religious legends of, 262; the sun goil-
dess, 273 ; conduct of during eclipse,
274 ; belief as to stars, 276 ; idea as to
shajw of the world, 277 ; dread of large
lakes, 270 ; SagtiaUen Ainu, 281 ; de-
crease of, 284 ; extermination of, 284 ;
effects of exposure, small-pox, drunken-
ness, 286 ; wars of, 286 ; armour of, 287 ;
daggers of, 287 ; raids of, 288 ; canni-
balism of, 288 ; intermarriage of, 289 :
place-naming of, 201 : not the only
aborigines, 206 ; heroes of, 313 ; mission
work amongst, 325

Aioina Kamui, meaning of, 281

Armour, 287

Arrows, poisoned, 160

A ttush^ 45

Axe Rock, the, 268

Babi£h, 250

Bogs, 84

Barter, trade bv, 182

Baskets, 84

Beads, 60

Bear- feasts, 162, 174

Bear-hunting, 188; story of, 162

Bear-pits, 171

Bears, tame, 171

Beating, game of, 132

Bedsteads, 73

Belts, 60

Betrottial, 14S

Bird, Miss, mistake of, 29

I
I

THE AINU OF JAPAN

'^Ih'T"

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Dii«-d*i«li'>. IM '
Doei Hid RtlritA IM
Dogi.l.on3ng,I.S

DrlnUng Dr>l«I. lU

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Buthqiuts I9a)i IflgHiii. ITH

' Barth->pldvM," S9S

Eut EUit af Injt. sBorvdnen af, 18

KdlpM ot tfan mn, lEgfnili ol, 3T4, !T»

INDEX

33S

LEO

Legends : the Man in the Moon, 111 ; as
to reverence for the old, 113 ; of Yoshlt-
8une*8 theft, 1 16 ; of the water-wafirtail,
131 ; of a famine, 124; as to the gods,
127 ; fishing tradition, 166 ; as to snakes,
201 ; as to the futarc world, 226 ; Hades,
229 ; on hair-cutting, 243 ; religious,
260; of the creation, 267 ; as to rats,
368 ; as to crows, 270 ; as to insects, S71 ;
of eclipses, 375 ; as to earthquake fish,
878 ; as to Ainu origin, 283 ; as to
massacre of earth-spiders, 878 ; of Poi-
yaumbe, 314

Leggings, 48

Libations of wine, 61, 230

Looms, 80

Madkebs, 199
Mallet-headed swords, 300
Man in the Moon , the, 111
Martk, the, 152
Marriage customs, 139
Mats, use of, 74
Meals, position at, 68
Medical treatment, 194
Milne, Prof., on caves, 300; on Otara In-
scription, 302
Mo acha^ the go«], 92
Mortar and pestle, 78
Moustache 1 if tens 77
HuJtkuH, the, 129
Murder, punishment for, 190
Music, 123

Names, 142
Necklaces, 50
Needlework, 46
NeU, 153
^tfM,60

OiNAUBHi, moaning of, 283
Okikuruml-Yosliitsune, 119
Ordeals, 135
Origin of Ainu, 13, 16
Ornaments, fondness for, 49
Ortyak ordeal, 138
Otoxunai, inscriptions at, 301
Otter-trap, 148

Pantheism, 246

Fftp, 76

Paralysis, name for, 199

Pestle and mortar, 78

Pike-spear, 154

Pipes and tobacco, 85

Piratori, the capital, 179

• Pit-dweller?,' 307 ; huts of, 307

Place-naming, 291

Poison, 169

Poi-yaumbe, legend of, 314

Polvtheism of Ainu, 224

Porch of hut, 59

Possession, l>clief in demoniacal, 196

Pottery, ancient, 310

Prayers, 97

TUN

Prophets, 197
Punishments, 188

Raids, 288

Rat legend, a, 868

Rat-trap, 150

Reaping, 40

* Records of Ancient Matters,' the, 29S

Religions legend, 127

Rich man, story of a, 63

Rings, 49
I River deities, 93
I Robbery, punishment for, 188

TSioAtfa^Russians, 50

Sauhalien Ainu, 281
' Saie^ Ainu love of, 29
Salmon, use of, 41 ; fishing for, 153
Saluting, modes of, 101
Sarak kamui, the god, 94
* Sea-ear/ people saved by eating, 41
Seagods, offerings to, 92
Serpent, legend about a monster, 301
Shi nehOy the god, 98
Shikotan, people of, 311
Shinondi, on Ainu creed, 89
Shintoism, 340
Shin toko, 49
Shoes, 48

Shrine of Yoshitsune, 842
Shutters, 58

Sickness thought to be a punishment, 199
Sleeping, mode of, 48
Sleighs, 185
Smoking, 84

Siuikes, fear ot 200 ; legend about, 301
Snow-shoes, 186
Spears for fishing, 163, 154
Spoons, 76
Spring-bow, 148
Stake onleaU 137
Stars, belief in, 276
Stone implements, 310
Storehouses, 69
Sun-goddess, the, 373
Sunstroke, a case of, 198
Swords, Japanese, 49 ; mallet-headed, 300

Tale op the Foxes, 118

TSnra, the, 83

Tattooing, 35

Temples, 60

Thatching, 57

Tobacco-boxes, 85

Tobacco ordeal, 137

Tomhe^ 49

Tombstones, 309

Toothache, treatment for, 195

Torchlight, fishing by, 153

Toro no mati mono^ the meaning of, 115

Traps, 148

Treasure?, Ainu, 48

Trousers, skin, 48
I Trout-spcar, 154
I Tuna, 72
I Tunes, 123

THE AI.SV OF JAPAN

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